KrishnaVandanu

10 website PHP Scripts Gratis Download

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Buat para webmaster Anda bisa Mendownload Script PHP secara Gratis Dari 10 Website dibawah ini.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="post-title" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
 </div>
<div class="post-meta" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <span><a class="commentslink" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://slodive.com/freebies/download-free-php-scripts/&usg=ALkJrhgmw2HbsZXn220TexRdJForx__5kQ#comments" title="Comment on Unduh Script PHP Gratis Dari ini 10 Website"></a></span></span></span><br />
 </div>
<div class="post-content" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> Sebuah situs web yang baik harus menjadi perpaduan sempurna dari semua bahan desain web dalam proporsi yang sempurna.</span> <span> PHP adalah salah satu aspek utama seperti website yang dinamis.</span> <span> Script PHP membuat website Anda terlihat besar dan memberikan faktor kegunaan mudah untuk para pengunjung.</span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span>
 Sebelumnya disebut sebagai "Alat Personal Home Page," adalah PHP 
Hypertext Preprocessor server open source side scripting language.</span> <span>
 Hal ini sangat populer untuk mengembangkan aplikasi perangkat lunak 
berbasis web karena programmer dapat menggunakannya dengan mudah untuk 
membuat halaman web dengan konten dinamis yang berinteraksi dengan 
database.</span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span>
 Disini kita telah mengumpulkan 10 website online untuk mendownload Script PHP
 di mana Anda dapat menemukan script baik untuk penggunaan pribadi dan 
komersial.</span> <span>
 Sumber daya ini adalah melakukan yang terbaik untuk menyediakan Anda 
dengan skrip PHP terbaru untuk membuat website Anda lebih efektif.</span> <span>
 Apakah itu iklan manajemen, enkripsi password atau script situs blog, 
sumber daya untuk Script PHP memiliki sesuatu atau yang lain untuk Anda 
dalam website-nya.</span></span><br />
 <br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> <b>1. PHP Junkyard</b></span></span></h2>
<br />
 <br />
<div class="lt_panel_top" style="text-align: left;">
  Free PHP scripts for your website:<br />

PHP scripts that made this website famous! Downloaded over <b>1 million</b> times!<br />

</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> Anda dapat men-download script PHP gratis di sini.</span> <span> Anda juga akan menemukan koleksi sumber daya PHP, tutorial, artikel, dan banyak lagi.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO5h3o4xNXJUfrX9JJYo-s3kPAEHQtWBdN59nmve60Lva5MYaEvFamfCuV_U6QS45ArNPBRpvwjCDZDJ4kRIqcIOTQZ4uy_rssyFX4pYmkZvXELdZwYhtOb78WOUV7RG-BUNteAQAud1AY/s1600/capture-20130118-225010.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO5h3o4xNXJUfrX9JJYo-s3kPAEHQtWBdN59nmve60Lva5MYaEvFamfCuV_U6QS45ArNPBRpvwjCDZDJ4kRIqcIOTQZ4uy_rssyFX4pYmkZvXELdZwYhtOb78WOUV7RG-BUNteAQAud1AY/s1600/capture-20130118-225010.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <em><a href="http://www.phpjunkyard.com/" target="_blank"><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang PHP Junkyard</strong></a></em></span></span> <br />
 <br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> 2. Free-Php.net</span></span></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span>
 Pada Free-Php.net, Anda akan menemukan daftar dikategorikan script php 
gratis, komersial php script, php sumber, tutorial php, sumber daya web,
 php hosting dan banyak lagi.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH3LDm0QgXKxn_5iHNszTmr6BZ6-8A6oPBNwkF9eLxCROd6TN6yBHSrOsfhsqTHveF1sCyIflcpslGjRmIyMd0TRrDfdTviKQL_Txfyg_28otPkVhWz3b-B45R1jawiHnty3Bar1KF7ffL/s1600/capture-20130118-231317.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH3LDm0QgXKxn_5iHNszTmr6BZ6-8A6oPBNwkF9eLxCROd6TN6yBHSrOsfhsqTHveF1sCyIflcpslGjRmIyMd0TRrDfdTviKQL_Txfyg_28otPkVhWz3b-B45R1jawiHnty3Bar1KF7ffL/s1600/capture-20130118-231317.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.free-php.net/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Free-Php.net</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
  NB: <span style="font-size: small;"><span>terakhir sedang perbaikan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>3. php.resourceindex.com</span></span></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> Anda dapat menemukan Ratusan script </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>PHP </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>siap pakai dan script lainnya untuk situs web Anda.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUUAuJQAsGe9K4WV5Dx_02eDbRRgPyZX8juEhYFdkN_N4BlxZJfRyNewp50NBp_bq1A5xDFw75Blwq8eJmWr-qvihRf8bc5aOc4QJFe-Fb4FlPc0-ZLMyC_t3I7nAUAtHaTcS30RfDtmsv/s1600/capture-20130118-230904.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUUAuJQAsGe9K4WV5Dx_02eDbRRgPyZX8juEhYFdkN_N4BlxZJfRyNewp50NBp_bq1A5xDFw75Blwq8eJmWr-qvihRf8bc5aOc4QJFe-Fb4FlPc0-ZLMyC_t3I7nAUAtHaTcS30RfDtmsv/s1600/capture-20130118-230904.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://php.resourceindex.com/Complete_Scripts/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang php.resourceindex</strong></em></a></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span><br />
 <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>4. Script Dungeon</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 For <strong><em>Free PHP Scripts</em></strong>, browse the categories below. You will find the most popular scripts for the PHP category listed on the left hand side.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Situs ini memiliki script PHP yang sangat berguna dan beragam.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR3GTSXY0bfV2ERncd-2k_NXEGNSoKzk0t0dFR9pKWOQ-J1_XI0XDPTlmm4zH3K_YkLiozLCj6iihtHomPPTDDXgx7LUnAZqw60Ks82493DMbpASYjsY594-3GvBCEO25psrwCKxaeWfp7/s1600/capture-20130118-231903.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR3GTSXY0bfV2ERncd-2k_NXEGNSoKzk0t0dFR9pKWOQ-J1_XI0XDPTlmm4zH3K_YkLiozLCj6iihtHomPPTDDXgx7LUnAZqw60Ks82493DMbpASYjsY594-3GvBCEO25psrwCKxaeWfp7/s1600/capture-20130118-231903.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.scriptdungeon.com/php_scripts.php" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Script Dungeon</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>5. Hot Script</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> Pada </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Hot </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Script Anda dapat menemukan direktori web terbesar dari script PHP untuk pembelian atau download gratis.</span> <span> Anda juga dapat menemukan banyak tutorial PHP, aplikasi, pengembangan perangkat lunak, buku, dan masih banyak lagi.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5A9B1K6W3WG_iDPBddcI4Ej-4q_m8tcDgirTmY5Y6ew5OvvPi2Lt6t9e8GY6U3OccikXF0HGK6YqFITE7R_6VH6_KiyGZo5kkzshrd0SfxsxRV8tvVgfQbBZ7yGt4TX9hT0dUF1AT_x0Y/s1600/capture-20130118-234808.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5A9B1K6W3WG_iDPBddcI4Ej-4q_m8tcDgirTmY5Y6ew5OvvPi2Lt6t9e8GY6U3OccikXF0HGK6YqFITE7R_6VH6_KiyGZo5kkzshrd0SfxsxRV8tvVgfQbBZ7yGt4TX9hT0dUF1AT_x0Y/s1600/capture-20130118-234808.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.hotscripts.com/category/php" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang</strong></em></a></span></span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://www.hotscripts.com/category/php/&usg=ALkJrhhsjtKOzffXYEjAYwaG_957lg3zDw" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://www.hotscripts.com/category/php/&usg=ALkJrhhsjtKOzffXYEjAYwaG_957lg3zDw" target="_blank"><em><strong> Hot</strong></em></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><a href="http://www.hotscripts.com/category/php/" target="_blank"><em><strong> Script</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>6. Programmerworld.net</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span>
 Situs ini memiliki daftar besar script PHP gratis, seperti formulir 
umpan balik, mesin pencari, kartu ucapan, manajemen konten, jajak 
pendapat, dan sebagainya.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYd6ID2Ndw4aJml6KWfJ5shgPNLBYfZgkxbrIXKMNqhc5Km2Pf7lsAUlYgJqvHepHIUeRUJzQqvh0GgolZF7bSinTmMvivLZIbg6ebsIDKsDGkDBch2pxK5ZGRXRYig2UBmS4CzZKKqCWN/s1600/capture-20130118-235730.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYd6ID2Ndw4aJml6KWfJ5shgPNLBYfZgkxbrIXKMNqhc5Km2Pf7lsAUlYgJqvHepHIUeRUJzQqvh0GgolZF7bSinTmMvivLZIbg6ebsIDKsDGkDBch2pxK5ZGRXRYig2UBmS4CzZKKqCWN/s1600/capture-20130118-235730.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.programmerworld.net/resources/php/php_scripts.php" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Programmerworld.net</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>7. Zubrag.com</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> Pada zubrag.com, Anda akan menemukan script php gratis, alat-alat online, artikel, tutorial pada PHP dan topik terkait. S</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>cript </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>php gratis ini ditulis sebagian besar untuk webmaster, tetapi 
untuk para programmer juga bisa mendapatkan  bahan-bahan dari sini, karena PHP source code 
disediakan untuk semua skrip</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl1lSUVkwAtGDrfvtmbS0Sln6NI47DB9Oz8150nT_g7g5hwbnTjcp8fl1IW5ImjrwqGEWpWpEcPpDvAWj3pQCEOaTy-dEea6sznUWMSEqldpBUHaRDMTc0OURODXeUUVLTE7oQrkzTHkJ8/s1600/capture-20130119-001819.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl1lSUVkwAtGDrfvtmbS0Sln6NI47DB9Oz8150nT_g7g5hwbnTjcp8fl1IW5ImjrwqGEWpWpEcPpDvAWj3pQCEOaTy-dEea6sznUWMSEqldpBUHaRDMTc0OURODXeUUVLTE7oQrkzTHkJ8/s1600/capture-20130119-001819.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.zubrag.com/scripts/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Zubrag.com</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>8. Gscripts.net</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span>
 Gscripts.net adalah direktori baru script php gratis seperti 
php forum, php galeri foto, CMS, php e-commerce solusi dan banyak 
lainnya script open source.</span> <span>
 Setiap naskah memiliki demo sehingga Anda dapat mengujinya sebelum 
membuang waktu menginstal itu, sebagian besar script php menawarkan link
 download langsung.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6HcHov9t9-kIFIXLA04oLTJyXahJciansy2fmgRrdDF-rIXxz5rN-DD2mFftemIKsclsGxixV4yKmvLLXvgV9221abfezejG1RgteJH8rKXIbDy-CHrNIVh9ROYCzONZ9cU6eeS-oCs-g/s1600/capture-20130119-012249.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6HcHov9t9-kIFIXLA04oLTJyXahJciansy2fmgRrdDF-rIXxz5rN-DD2mFftemIKsclsGxixV4yKmvLLXvgV9221abfezejG1RgteJH8rKXIbDy-CHrNIVh9ROYCzONZ9cU6eeS-oCs-g/s1600/capture-20130119-012249.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://gscripts.net/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Gscripts.net</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>9. Scripts.com</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> Anda akan menemukan banyak koleksi skrip PHP di sini.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSSo_WvM16a0b3RorJ8qLeEP8ee2SoldYhlI5l62XjHnrfMDNOPMLp3o_u_KiUuvi4yx3mN4sxArOgtMvNP9boeQ2xe_xKFd0YG_MYbYDIc3cwSqLMVhAGXw5WB08JkoQSv3USAdKPWwz-/s1600/capture-20130119-012718.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSSo_WvM16a0b3RorJ8qLeEP8ee2SoldYhlI5l62XjHnrfMDNOPMLp3o_u_KiUuvi4yx3mN4sxArOgtMvNP9boeQ2xe_xKFd0YG_MYbYDIc3cwSqLMVhAGXw5WB08JkoQSv3USAdKPWwz-/s1600/capture-20130119-012718.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.scripts.com/php-scripts/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Scripts.com</strong></em></a></span></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span>10. Thefreecountry.com</span></span></b></h2>
<br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span>
 Ini daftar script </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>PHP </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span>gratis yang dapat Anda gunakan pada website Anda 
untuk menyediakan berbagai fungsi (misalnya, formulir umpan balik, mesin
 pencari, kartu ucapan, manajemen konten, jajak pendapat, dll).</span></span> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdrdFVp_gcX6N_vZY-3CZBwHkgjh9dY-taC16kV55Fx2FYXbr0kqu3TDZV5ZtDuwBDgb9-kTtRX7k0i849oMgww4fyL4ISC4lC6g2AY8CZRgMNd_tkJnVk7c4QwQuJn-WGEJkmYaOJ3qwO/s1600/capture-20130118-224029.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdrdFVp_gcX6N_vZY-3CZBwHkgjh9dY-taC16kV55Fx2FYXbr0kqu3TDZV5ZtDuwBDgb9-kTtRX7k0i849oMgww4fyL4ISC4lC6g2AY8CZRgMNd_tkJnVk7c4QwQuJn-WGEJkmYaOJ3qwO/s1600/capture-20130118-224029.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
 <span style="font-size: small;"><span> <a href="http://www.thefreecountry.com/php/index.shtml" target="_blank"><em><strong>Lebih Informasi tentang Thefreecountry.com</strong></em></a></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><em><strong>Silahkan share postingan ini jika anda suka. </strong></em></span></span> </div>
</div>

10 website PHP Scripts Gratis Download

Buat para webmaster Anda bisa Mendownload Script PHP secara Gratis Dari 10 Website dibawah ini. Sebuah situs web yang baik harus menjadi perpaduan sempurna dari semua bahan desain web dalam …

18 Jan 2013

My 2013 Outlook untuk Saham Dividen

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float: left; height: 155px; min-height: 145px; width: 120px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><img align="left" alt="Marc Lichtenfeld" height="133" src="http://wealthyretirement.com/wp-content/themes/wr/img/marc-headshot.jpg" width="100" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
 </div>
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 25px; text-align: center;">
 <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Marc Lichtenfeld, Direktur Investasi, <em>Pensiun Kaya</em></span> </div>
<div style="font-size: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em;">
Dividen saham panas. Tapi di sini newsflash a. Mereka tidak panas seperti yang Anda pikir mereka ... setidaknya, belum. </div>
Rekor tingkat bunga rendah membuat saham dengan hasil dividen yang kuat
 menarik. Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa investor mengambil $ 
130.000.000.000 dari dana saham dan menempatkan $ 250 miliar ke dana 
obligasi pada tahun 2012, dividen yang berfokus dana berhasil arus kas 
masuk bersih.<br />
 Pada bulan Desember, meskipun, kecenderungan ini berbalik. Dan sekali lagi ... kerumunan yang salah. <br />
 Di sinilah hal-hal menarik. <br />

Tahun sampai saat ini, S & P 500 telah mengungguli keseluruhan 
dividen-membayar dana - dalam beberapa kasus dengan jumlah yang 
bermakna. <br />
 Grafik di bawah ini menunjukkan bahwa <strong>SPDR S & P 500</strong> (NYSE: SPY), ETF yang melacak S & P 500, kembali 14,14% (per 12/27). <br />
 Itu keuntungan mengalahkan dividen yang berfokus ETF seperti <strong>iShares Indeks Dow Jones Dividen Pilih</strong> (NYSE: DVY), <strong>SPDR S & P Dividen</strong> (NYSE: SDY), <strong>Vanguard Dividen Indeks High Yield</strong> (NYSE: VYM) dan <strong>PowerShares Dividen Indeks Achiever</strong> (NYSE: Pey). <br />
 <a href="http://clicks.wealthyretirement.com//t/AQ/AA2Wtg/AA2r2Q/AAf__A/AQ/AxXQ1Q/jOd7" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="196" src="http://wealthyretirement.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/123112_1637_My2013Outlo1.png" width="359" /></a>  Saya sudah <a href="http://clicks.wealthyretirement.com//t/AQ/AA2Wtg/AA2r2Q/AAe2jA/AQ/AxXQ1Q/svJR" target="_blank">ditulis</a>
 di masa lalu bahwa aku tidak terpikat dengan dividen-bertema ETFs. Jika
 Anda mengikuti pekerjaan saya, Anda tahu bahwa aku lebih tertarik pada 
saham dengan sejarah pertumbuhan dividen. ETF tidak punya catatan 
multi-tahun track meningkat dividen tahunan. <br />
 Pada 2013, meskipun, saya berharap pembayar dividen untuk membalikkan kecenderungan untuk alasan berikut: <br />
<h2>
 Prediksi # 1 - Tarif Pajak Naik </h2>
Pajak atas dividen kemungkinan akan lebih tinggi tahun depan. <br />

Jika kesepakatan tidak tercapai pada tebing fiskal malam ini, pajak 
atas dividen akan naik ke tingkat pendapatan biasa. Tentu saja, itu 
dapat dikembalikan setiap saat. <br />
 Dugaan saya adalah kompromi akan
 dicapai yang akan mendorong pajak atas dividen yang lebih tinggi, tapi 
tidak semua jalan sampai dengan tarif pajak pendapatan biasa - mungkin 
topi dari 30% pada berpenghasilan tertinggi. <br />
 Sungguh, dividen 
tidak boleh dikenakan pajak sama sekali. Karena perusahaan telah 
dikenakan pajak pada pendapatan perusahaan mereka, jumlahnya mencapai 
dua kali lipat pajak. <br />
 Tapi keberuntungan mendapatkan Washington untuk mendengar argumen itu. <br />
 Terlepas dari ramblings saya, penjepit diri untuk pajak yang lebih tinggi atas dividen. <br />
<h2>
 Prediksi # 2 - Koreksi di Saham Dividen </h2>
Itu suara bip Anda akan mendengar tahun depan saya back up truk pada 
saham dividen. Saya berharap menjual-off di saham-saham setelah tercapai
 kesepakatan tentang perpajakan dividen - bahkan jika lonjakan pajak 
tidak terlalu parah. <br />
 Jika saham jatuh 10%, Anda akan dapat mengambil beberapa perusahaan besar dengan hasil yang fantastis. <br />
 Sebagai contoh, jika harga sahamnya turun sebesar 10%, perusahaan seperti <strong>Intel</strong> (Nasdaq: INTC) akan melihat saat dividen yield sebesar 4,4% melompat ke 4,9%. <br />
 Atau bahkan sebuah perusahaan membosankan dan ultra-stabil seperti <strong>Kimberly Clark</strong> (NYSE: KMB) akan melihat hasil dari hampir 4% setelah 10% sell-off. <br />

Intinya adalah, kecuali tarif pajak 15% atas dividen tetap, kita akan 
melihat koreksi pembayar dividen. Sementara kita menunggu nasib kami, 
membuat daftar saham yang Anda ingin membeli jika mereka mulai dijual 
karena ... <br />
<h2>
 Prediksi # 3 - Saham Dividen akan Outperform tahun 2013 </h2>
Akhirnya, obligasi tidak akan melakukannya dengan baik tahun depan. <br />

Saya tidak sendirian dalam ide ini. Dengan suku bunga ditempelkan ke 
lantai, itu akan sulit bagi harga obligasi naik. Dan setiap bau suku 
bunga yang lebih tinggi akan mengirim investor melarikan diri untuk 
keluar lebih cepat dari lagu Barry Manilow di pesta dansa SMP. <br />
 
Dengan kata lain, investor obligasi bisa mendapatkan ditumbuk pada tahun
 2013 - terutama orang-orang dengan kepentingan dalam Treasuries. <br />
 Itu bisa menyebabkan minat lebih besar dalam saham dividen, terutama jika hasil menjadi lebih menarik karena koreksi. <br />

Investor yang bisa masuk di harga yang lebih rendah dari saat ini harus
 membuat keluar baik terutama secara total return (harga apresiasi 
ditambah dividen). <br />
 Carilah saham dengan multi-tahun track record
 dari peningkatan dividen tahunan, rasio payout bawah 75%, dan uang 
tunai pertumbuhan arus untuk memastikan dividen dapat terus meningkat. <br />

Investor jangka panjang dividen mungkin memiliki kesempatan hebat untuk
 mengambil beberapa saham yang besar pada murah pada tahun 2013. 
Kerjakan pekerjaan rumah Anda, tetap sabar, dan tahun depan harus 
bahagia untuk pemburu dividen. <br />
<div style="font-size: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em;">
 <a href="http://clicks.wealthyretirement.com//t/AQ/AA2Wtg/AA2r2Q/AAf__Q/AQ/AxXQ1Q/cqlG" target="_blank"><strong>Klik di sini untuk mengirim komentar pada WealthyRetirement.com</strong></a> . </div>
</div>

My 2013 Outlook untuk Saham Dividen

Marc Lichtenfeld, Direktur Investasi, Pensiun Kaya Dividen saham panas. Tapi di sini newsflash a. Mereka tidak panas seperti yang Anda pikir mereka ... setidaknya, belum. Rekor tingkat bunga ren…

01 Jan 2013

ON-Links CashForYou: Sumixs.com watch a video advertisement paid $ 9-15...

ON-Links CashForYou: Sumixs.com watch a video advertisement paid $ 9-15...

ON-Links CashForYou: Sumixs.com watch a video advertisement paid $ 9-15...: Sumixs.com Hundreds of people all over the world earn money sitting at home. Our company presents you one of the easiest j…

21 Dec 2012

Digital Trends Top tahun 2013

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tahun ini merupakan tahun yang menarik dalam ruang digital, dengan banyak prediksi pada <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://redrocketvc.blogspot.com/2012/03/key-digital-investment-themes-in-2012.html&usg=ALkJrhj-MohiIZT0Wyk95fmRIyy_tXB1PQ">daftar tahun 2012 tren</a> mendapatkan traksi yang baik.  Pinterest tumbuh menjadi situs jejaring sosial # 3. 
 Kami melihat banyak IPO perusahaan digital besar, seperti Groupon, 
LinkedIn, Zynga, dan Facebook - bersama dengan hasil yang sangat 
beragam. 
 Kami melihat komputasi mobile terus mengambil berbagi dengan 
proliferasi massa ponsel pintar dan tablet, termasuk Google mengakuisisi
 Motorola.  Kami melihat Apple melanjutkan keberhasilan mereka cepat di posting pertama tahun Jobs Steve.  Dan, Kongres meloloskan UU Jobs, meletakkan dasar untuk crowdfunding untuk pemula di tahun-tahun mendatang.   Tapi, cukup tentang 2012.  Mari kita bicara tentang tren kunci saya melihat untuk 2013:</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Konsumen
 mengambil kontrol dari merek / berteriak Merek berkembang kepada 
konsumen mendengarkan melalui personalisasi omni-channel teknik.</b>
 Merek tidak lagi memiliki kendali atas percakapan satu arah dengan 
pelanggan mereka, di mana mereka shoutout pemasaran massa pesan dan 
memaksa konsumen pakan "satu ukuran cocok untuk semua "produk mereka 
mungkin atau mungkin tidak ingin. 
 Masukkan era omni-saluran pemasaran, yang menempatkan pelanggan di 
pusat dari semua keputusan bisnis yang mengarah ke produk yang sangat 
personal dan pengalaman pengguna berdasarkan merek mendengarkan 
keinginan konsumen mereka. 
 Evolusi ini akan menguntungkan kedua bahan konsumen, melalui 
personalisasi, dan merek, melalui jalur komunikasi langsung ke pelanggan
 mereka. 
 Pergeseran ini pada akhirnya akan merugikan dan disintermediate 
pengecer, yang secara historis menguasai semua komunikasi dengan 
pelanggan sebagai perantara merek. 
 Carilah merek berkembang upaya pemasaran media sosial dari membeli 
iklan display dan mendorong produk, untuk membeli penelitian 
mendengarkan sosial untuk membantu menemukan apa yang konsumen inginkan.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Iklan bergeser dari demografi terhadap perilaku.</b>
 Demografi-driven iklan berdasarkan usia pelanggan target, pendapatan, 
jenis kelamin, pendidikan, dll dengan cepat berkembang menjadi 
perilaku-driven penargetan, berdasarkan psikografis, perilaku gaya 
hidup, dan nafsu seperti hati pelanggan, terlepas dari demografi. 
 Sebagai contoh, seorang penjual frisbee tidak lagi mencari 10-20 tahun 
usia yang mereka menebak ingin membeli frisbee berdasarkan data 
pembelian perusahaan sejarah, mereka lebih menargetkan orang bergairah 
tentang bermain frisbee tanpa memandang usia. 
 Ini akan memicu evolusi besar dalam cara media massa penjual akan 
melacak dan melayani iklan mereka kepada pembeli merek, yang akan 
menuntut berbagai jenis penargetan.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Data Big berkembang ke data cerdas.</b> Kita semua tahu data yang besar meledak dan menciptakan ton kesempatan belajar bagi perusahaan. 
 Tapi, banyak yang menciptakan rasa sakit yang tumbuh dalam proses, 
mengingat kurangnya alat canggih untuk menyalurkan data tersebut menjadi
 wawasan ditindaklanjuti. 
 Sebagai contoh, merek tidak lagi melacak penjualan keseluruhan setiap 
bulan, melainkan, mereka tahu penjualan demi menit, oleh SKU, oleh 
pelanggan, berdasarkan lokasi, oleh pengecer, dll Jadi, mencari 
perusahaan dengan keahlian dalam menyalurkan data yang besar menjadi 
intelijen digunakan - dengan sophicated analisis paket atau teknik mesin
 belajar - melakukan dengan sangat baik.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>CMO menjadi CTO & CIO.</b>
 Mengingat tiga tren utama di atas, CMO sukses masa depan adalah 
mendapatkan kursus kilat dalam sistem informasi dan pengembangan 
teknologi, untuk membantu mereka desain yang lebih baik omni-channel 
platform, data track yang lebih baik pelanggan dan wawasan berkendara 
dari firehose data besar datang masuk Dan, lebih dari sebelumnya, CEO 
akan menuntut akuntabilitas yang lebih tinggi dan ROI dari kegiatan 
dalam organisasi pemasaran. 
 Ini akan menjadi kurang penting CMO memiliki latar belakang dalam iklan
 atau manajemen merek, dan yang lebih penting mereka memahami sistem 
informasi desain yang canggih.  Teknologi yang dapat membantu dalam menciptakan lintas-channel dashboard CMO akan permintaan berat.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Layar Kedua / TV dan Web Merging.</b> Konsumen puas mengkonsumsi dengan cara berbeda dengan yang mereka miliki di masa lalu. 
 Tidak ada lagi yang mereka hanya menonton TV di malam hari, atau 
bekerja pada PC mereka siang hari, mereka streaming video ke perangkat 
apapun yang mereka inginkan, dan sekaligus terlibat dalam media sosial 
atau mengecek email pada ponsel cerdas mereka pada saat yang sama, 
misalnya. 
 Jadi, garis yang cepat kabur antara pengalaman TV vs pengalaman web vs 
pengalaman tablet mobile, dan konsumen mencari cara untuk multitask 
bersamaan pada apa pun perangkat yang mereka kebetulan menggunakan 
(bagaimana mereka inginkan, di mana mereka inginkan, dan ketika mereka 
ingin).  
Kami tidak terlalu jauh dari Anda bisa mengklik pada video Kramer sambil
 menonton Seinfeld, yang akan membawa Anda ke link e-commerce untuk 
membeli kemeja ia mengenakan dalam adegan itu.  Atau, melihat reaksi Anda Facebook teman 'streaming real-time pada layar saat menonton pertandingan sepak bola yang sama.  Sebuah waktu yang sangat menarik bagi konsumen, tetapi waktu yang sangat mengganggu bagi para pemain besar di dunia media.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Handphone mendominasi,. PC desktop pada dukungan kehidupan</b> Raja sudah mati, lama tinggal raja. 
 Tapi, kali ini, bukan raja (Apple) menjual PC iMac untuk desktop Anda, 
mereka menjual ponsel pintar iPhone dan tablet iPad untuk kehidupan kita
 sibuk di mana saja - hidup yang tidak pernah dimaksudkan untuk diikat 
ke meja atau ditambatkan ke tali. 
 Pertumbuhan perangkat mobile cepat mengambil pangsa jauh dari desktop, 
dan ribuan aplikasi yang memanfaatkan mobilitas pengguna dan lokalitas. 
 Jika Anda adalah salah satu pengembang aplikasi, pastikan Anda sedang 
membangun sebuah model bisnis yang nyata di mana Anda dapat dengan cepat
 skala pendapatan untuk menarik modal, seperti VC tentu pada titik 
mengatakan "jika app kata adalah bisnis Anda," tidak repot-repot 
memanggil.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Pemasaran hyperlocal / Di gang itu.</b>
 Tidak lagi akan kita akan mendapatkan pemasaran massa kupon di koran 
hari Minggu, atau kupon kertas setelah memeriksa pada register toko, 
pasca-belanja. 
 Sekarang Anda akan menggunakan toko aplikasi ponsel pintar Anda untuk 
memindai barcode produk sebagai Anda berbelanja melalui toko secara real
 time, sebagian untuk memungkinkan satu-klik check out dan menghindari 
garis-garis di register, dan sebagian untuk mendorong Anda kupon real 
time saat Anda berbelanja.  Sebagai contoh, jika Anda hanya dipindai selai kacang, Anda akan mendapatkan kupon untuk jelly. 
 Atau, katakanlah Anda membeli merek Skippy sebesar $ 4, Anda mungkin 
akan diminta untuk bertukar untuk Jif, sehingga Anda dapat menghemat $ 2
 sekarang. 
 Lokasi berbasis teknologi bergerak melampaui tingkat ke tingkat rak 
toko, yang membuka seluruh dunia real-time peluang pemasaran, 
disintermediating teknik pemasaran sekolah tua dalam proses.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>E-Commerce berkembang untuk mesin penemuan.</b> Orang yang suka browsing selama pengalaman belanja offline mereka. 
 Sampai saat ini, e-commerce telah kurang tentang browsing, dan lebih 
lanjut tentang kata kunci mencari item tertentu dalam "solusi didorong" 
sangat pengalaman pengguna.  Yang mulai berubah. 
 Generasi terbaru dari e-commerce sekarang sedang dirancang untuk 
membantu Anda menelusuri kategori produk, membantu Anda belajar tentang 
item baru yang Anda mungkin atau mungkin tidak tahu Anda bahkan ingin. 
 The StyleSeek startup di Chicago adalah contoh yang baik dari itu, 
membantu Anda untuk membangun "Gaya DNA," dan merekomendasikan fashion 
item menarik berdasarkan profil Anda dan perilaku pembelian yang 
berpikiran seperti individu.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Retail Offline Mati Death Lambat.</b>
 Gone adalah Borders (terima kasih kepada Amazon), pergi adalah Tower 
Records (terima kasih kepada iTunes), hilang adalah Blockbuster (terima 
kasih kepada Netflix), dan sisanya dari vertikal kotak besar lainnya 
tidak jauh di belakang.  Konsumen tidak ingin masuk mobil mereka, kepala ke toko, dan berharap Anda memiliki apa yang mereka inginkan dalam saham.  Mereka ingin tahu itu adalah dalam stok dan memesan secara online dengan kemudahan berbelanja di piyama mereka 24/7. 
 Saya pikir orang-orang peralatan kantor seperti Office Max dan Office 
Depot akan berikutnya untuk menutup atau berhemat toko, tapi masih 
berada dalam bisnis dengan sehat e-commerce. 
 Dan, Best Buy yang tertatih-tatih di tepi, mengingat betapa banyak 
departemen mereka telah dikanibal oleh alternatif online, dan bagaimana 
konsumen hanya menggunakan toko mereka sebagai ruang pamer untuk 
mendapatkan dididik tentang produk yang mereka akhirnya akan 
mengeluarkan ponsel pintar mereka dan membeli lebih murah online.  Saya yakin tidak akan ingin menjadi pengembang mal.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Situs HR mengalami perbaikan besar-besaran</b>
 Saya pikir kita semua bisa sepakat bahwa proses pencarian kerja 
benar-benar rusak untuk kedua perusahaan mempekerjakan (mengisap 
firehose resume masuk, terutama dalam ekonomi bawah) dan untuk calon 
karyawan (berlaku untuk <b>ton.</b> posisi tanpa respon apapun). 
 Inefisiensi ini akan menyakiti situs pekerjaan listing besar, seperti 
Monster.com, dan membantu generasi situs pencarian kerja yang 
menciptakan lebih dari pengalaman "eHarmony-seperti" perjodohan. 
 Lowongan pekerjaan kertas dan resume akan digantikan oleh video, yang 
menceritakan sebuah cerita yang lebih baik dan jauh lebih menarik. 
 Dan, paket HR backend software akan melakukan pekerjaan yang lebih baik
 dari sebelumnya mengotomatisasi langkah manual dalam proses perekrutan 
(misalnya, melanjutkan pemeriksaan, pelacakan calon, onboarding, 
pelatihan).  Saya benar-benar melihat banyak buah tergantung rendah di ranah HR.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Niche Sosial & Business Networks.</b>
 Ya, kita semua masih akan menggunakan Twitter, Facebook, dan LinkedIn 
selama bertahun-tahun yang akan datang, tetapi mereka masing-masing 
memainkan peran tertentu dalam kehidupan kita.  Niche jaringan sosial dan bisnis akan mulai mengembangkan yang akan membantu kita menggali lebih dalam pada kebutuhan spesifik.  Misalnya, mungkin Anda adalah seorang koki mati-keras mencari untuk terlibat dengan koki lain pada resep baru terpanas.  Contoh lain: lihat apa yang <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://www.builtinchicago.org/&usg=ALkJrhhjhSuHlH0_0mAAO3jrB0C6wb3bag">Dibangun di Chicago</a>
 telah dilakukan dalam hal menciptakan jaringan bisnis yang sangat kuat 
seperti hati individu dalam adegan startup digital di Chicago (pada 
tingkat yang jauh lebih dalam dari LinkedIn lakukan bagi semua orang 
bisnis umum). 
 Dan, jangka panjang, tepatnya jaringan ini niche, yang akan mendominasi
 mind share pemasar ', karena mereka berevolusi dari demografi berbasis 
gairah berbasis pengambilan keputusan.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Massa dan awan.</b>
 Bagaimana Anda bisa berdebat dengan efisiensi biaya dan kemudahan 
memasuki kerumunan untuk layanan manusia dan awan untuk layanan 
teknologi? 
 Misalnya, mengapa membeli hardware dan lisensi perangkat lunak dan 
mempekerjakan orang-orang mahal untuk mempertahankan teknologi tersebut,
 ketika Anda hanya dapat menyimpan informasi Anda di awan untuk sebagian
 kecil dari harga?  Kita telah melihat keberhasilan situs seperti <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://www.crowdspring.com/&usg=ALkJrhjsd7mewmvOjG628WiGzEJJJbCL1w">CrowdSPRING</a> untuk crowdsourcing desainer grafis.  Kita akan melihat banyak niche mengembangkan untuk setiap proses manusia tunggal dalam organisasi bisnis.  Heck, MediaRecall perusahaan lama saya crowdsourcing penulis metadata untuk video, sebagai jarum di tumpukan jerami solusi. 
 Yang mengatakan, ini bukan pertanda baik untuk jangka panjang 
penciptaan lapangan kerja di AS, sebagai pekerjaan yang mahal bisa 
diganti dengan yang lebih murah, orang-solusi berbasis.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Crowdfunding kicks off.</b>
 Tidak ada lagi yang startups akan diperlukan untuk memburu investor 
malaikat terakreditasi atau pemodal ventura untuk membiayai startups 
mereka.  Banyak yang akan pergi ke situs sumbangan kerumunan, seperti <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://www.kickstarter.com/&usg=ALkJrhhARWNhzq9YbRJSEWas3nhkF9TzIg">Kickstarter</a> , atau situs crowdfunding, seperti <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://www.rockethub.com/&usg=ALkJrhg-qH7LTxfdLh47czQlApMF3iX7IA">RocketHub</a> , dan mendapatkan uang tunai yang diperlukan mereka dari ratusan investor ibu-dan-pop. 
 Secara harfiah ratusan situs-situs crowdfunding dalam pembangunan, di 
setiap industri niche dibayangkan, untuk mengambil keuntungan dari <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&ie=UTF8&langpair=auto%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.com&tbb=1&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpstart_Our_Business_Startups_Act&usg=ALkJrhh7cge8eXt8lfpOf5_Zy48tijA5ZA">UU JOBS</a> , yang berhasil lulus pada tahun 2012. 
 Ini akan baik untuk pemula yang dinyatakan tidak dapat meningkatkan 
modal di tempat lain, tapi saya pikir ada risiko tinggi yang terdidik 
ibu-dan-pop investor akan menggunakan tabungan mereka yang terbatas 
hidup pada apa yang mereka pikir adalah startup baru berikutnya panas, 
hanya untuk menemukan bahwa 9 dari 10 startups didanai di situs 
crowdfunding mungkin akhirnya akan keluar dari bisnis, dan mereka akan 
kehilangan seluruh investasi mereka. 
 Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan dampak ekonomi negatif yang tak terduga 
beberapa tahun dari sekarang, kecuali skrining startup yang tepat dan 
kontrol investor pendidikan diletakkan di tempat, langsung dari awal.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Privasi berkembang menjadi publisitas.</b>
 Setiap tahun, rasanya seperti "Big Brother" (misalnya, Google dan 
lain-lain) adalah melonggarkan atas kebijakan privasi mereka untuk 
belajar lebih banyak tentang perilaku pengguna mereka 'dan bunga, untuk 
memberikan pengiklan cara untuk lebih menargetkan pesan mereka.  Warga senior benci, dan anak-anak tidak peduli. 
 Saya ambil adalah ini: selama Anda memberitahu saya Anda melakukannya, 
dan saya memiliki kesempatan untuk memilih keluar jika saya tidak 
menyukainya, saya pikir membuka perilaku pengguna saya pada akhirnya 
akan meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna saat aku mulai mendapatkan 
penawaran yang benar-benar ditargetkan penting bagi saya.  Tapi, mencari "kebijakan privasi" untuk berkembang untuk "kebijakan publisitas" dari waktu ke waktu.</span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Let me know jika Anda melihat ada tren lain dalam komentar di bawah ini.  Tapi, memfokuskan upaya startup Anda dalam salah satu kategori di atas akan membantu posisi Anda untuk sukses jangka panjang.</span></span> 
</div>
</div>

Digital Trends Top tahun 2013

Tahun ini merupakan tahun yang menarik dalam ruang digital, dengan banyak prediksi pada daftar tahun 2012 tren mendapatkan traksi yang baik. Pinterest tumbuh menjadi situs jejaring sosial # 3. Kam…

21 Dec 2012

Yang termudah Keuntungan untuk 2013

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Kadang-kadang mudah.  <br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Kadang-kadang, untuk Mengutip Jim Rogers besar, bergerak pasar saham  begitu jelas telegram, ini masalah sederhana membungkuk di atas untuk  mengambil keuntungan yang hanya berbaring di sana. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sekarang adalah salah satu dari mereka kali.</span> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Aku tahu bahwa sekarang, banyak investor yang lumpuh oleh kebijakan fiskal. Dan aku sama-sama menyadari bahwa kebijakan uang mudah Fed telah  meyakinkan banyak investor bahwa inflasi terkendali dan runtuhnya dolar  AS di sudut kanan. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Tapi tanyakan pada diri ini ... </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
<i>Apa mata uang dolar AS akan runtuh melawan? Euro? Yen? Yuan?</i> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Dibandingkan dengan Eropa, Cina, dan bahkan Jepang, Amerika Serikat adalah benteng kebijakan fiskal dan moneter yang baik. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Terlebih lagi, karena penekanan Fed pada kejelasan, <i>kita tahu <span style="text-decoration: underline;">persis</span> berapa lama Fed akan mempertahankan suku bunga rendah dan melanjutkan pelonggaran kuantitatif.</i> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Pekan lalu, Ben Bernanke mengatakan kepada pers titik kosong bahwa  tingkat suku bunga tidak akan naik sampai pengangguran turun menjadi  6,5% dan inflasi menyentuh 2,5%. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Menurut garis hijau pada grafik dari Proyek Hamilton, yang bisa mengambil lagi dua setengah tahun! </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Bukan berarti ini adalah cara yang benar untuk memperbaiki perekonomian AS. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Tidak ada bukti kuat bahwa pelonggaran kuantitatif akan membantu para pengangguran untuk bisa mendapatkan pekerjaan. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Tapi saya <i>dapat</i> memberitahu Anda bahwa kebijakan The Fed akan membuat pasar saham meningkat <span style="text-decoration: underline;">jauh lebih tinggi.</span> </div>
<div style="border-bottom: 1px solid gray; color: grey; font-size: 10px; text-align: center; width: 100%;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;">
<b>AS Ekspor Minyak?</b> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Ekspor minyak AS telah dilarang sejak tahun 1975. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Tapi dengan produksi minyak booming, beberapa minyak AS akan mengambil harga yang lebih tinggi di luar negeri. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Harga yang lebih tinggi berarti harga saham lebih tinggi untuk ketiga sub-$ 10 stok minyak Bakken. <a href="http://email.angelnexus.com/ct/10690372:14061036091:m:1:415444512:92FEAD2B2F111D1F7E363E8725476B36:r" target="_blank">Inilah alasannya ...</a>  </div>
<hr size="1" />
<b>David Tepper: Keep It Simple</b> <br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
David Tepper adalah salah satu manajer hedge fund yang terbaik di luar  sana. Perusahaannya dibuat 134% pada tahun 2009. Dia menambahkan lain  34% pada tahun 2010. Dia kehilangan 5% pada tahun 2011. Dan dia  dikabarkan akan naik lebih dari 25% tahun ini. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Semua dalam semua, dia dipaku itu sejak krisis keuangan. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Dan tesis investasinya telah sangat sederhana: Pasar saham menyukai  uang murah, dan selama the Fed menyediakan uang murah, saham akan pergi  lebih tinggi. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Tidak ada alasan untuk memperdebatkan hal ini. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Tidak ada keuntungan dalam pagar terhadap Fed. Meratapi hari berlalu  dari dolar AS yang kuat dan neraca perdagangan yang positif tidak akan  membawa mereka kembali. Anda juga menghasilkan uang dalam lingkungan  saat ini, atau Anda tidak. Periode. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Secara pribadi, saya akan memilih untuk membuat uang ketika kondisi  sudah matang. Dan saham tertentu benar-benar menetes dengan potensi  keuntungan yang sekarang. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Sekali lagi, alasannya sangat sederhana ... </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Inflasi akan muncul dalam komoditas, barang-barang konsumsi tertentu,  dan harga aset jauh sebelum itu muncul dalam langkah-langkah Fed inflasi  seperti CPI dan, yang lebih penting, inflasi upah. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Sangatlah penting untuk memahami bahwa inflasi upah adalah salah satu  ukuran inflasi yang benar-benar mendapatkan Fed saraf. Dan saya tidak  berpikir itu revolusioner untuk menyarankan itu akan menjadi saat  sebelum kita melihat inflasi upah yang signifikan. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Bahkan, banyak ekonom tidak percaya inflasi upah mulai menendang sampai pengangguran menyentuh 6%. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Saat ini, "resmi" tingkat pengangguran 7,7%, dan jika Anda menghitung  "bayangan" pengangguran (yaitu orang-orang yang pada dasarnya menyerah  mencari pekerjaan) nomor secara signifikan lebih tinggi. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Saya tidak senang tentang hal ini. Saya tidak bersorak Fed atas. Dan aku belum tentu menyambut inflasi ... </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Sebagai salah satu dari orang-orang seperti rekan saya untuk mengatakan, "Aku hanya menyebutnya seperti aku melihatnya." </div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;">
<b>Natural Gas Riches</b> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Ini saluran 1.000 mil-luas tanah AS telah menciptakan milyarder lebih dari Apple dan Google <i>digabungkan.</i> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Pelajari mengapa ini bagian dari sedikit diketahui real estate sangat penting untuk kemandirian energi Amerika - <b>dan bagaimana hal itu bisa melontarkan dua saham saya telah menemukan lebih dari 532%.</b> <a href="http://email.angelnexus.com/ct/10690373:14061036091:m:1:415444512:92FEAD2B2F111D1F7E363E8725476B36:r" target="_blank">Klik di sini</a> <a href="http://email.angelnexus.com/ct/10690374:14061036091:m:1:415444512:92FEAD2B2F111D1F7E363E8725476B36:r" target="_blank">.</a>  </div>
<hr size="1" />
<b>Yang termudah Keuntungan untuk 2013</b> <br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
David Tepper tidak melakukan sesuatu yang mewah dalam portofolio untuk secara konsisten mengalahkan pasar ... </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Dia menyukai saham teknologi seperti Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) dan Qualcomm  (NASDAQ: QCOM), dan ia memiliki posisi besar di ETF Nasdaq (NASDAQ:  QQQ). Tepper juga menyukai finansial seperti AIG (NYSE: AIG) dan  Citigroup (NYSE: C). </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Ingat meskipun, Tepper adalah investasi <i>puluhan miliar</i>  dolar. Itu berarti dia terbatas. Dia hanya bisa membeli  perusahaan-perusahaan besar dengan ton saham luar biasa dan jutaan saham  yang diperdagangkan hari, ia tidak bisa membeli saham dengan terbalik  terbaik. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Jadi David Tepper akan kehilangan keuntungan termudah tahun 2013. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Ada <a href="http://email.angelnexus.com/ct/10690375:14061036091:m:1:415444512:92FEAD2B2F111D1F7E363E8725476B36:r" target="_blank">beberapa saham</a> yang akan mengambil Tahun Baru oleh badai. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Ini adalah kecil, perusahaan yang dinamis. Dan mereka cenderung untuk menggandakan pendapatan mereka pada tahun 2013. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Harga saham adalah kemungkinan dua kali lipat - setidaknya - karena  mereka memproduksi produk yang paling penting di dunia saat ini: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">minyak.</span> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3188362935213011212" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3188362935213011212" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
Bukan hanya itu, tetapi <a href="http://email.angelnexus.com/ct/10690376:14061036091:m:1:415444512:92FEAD2B2F111D1F7E363E8725476B36:r" target="_blank">perusahaan-perusahaan tertentu</a>  yang duduk pada minyak lebih dari semua tetapi beberapa investor  menyadari - mungkin tiga kali lebih banyak ... dan mereka membawanya ke  pasar lebih cepat dari siapa pun berpikir mereka bisa. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Ada badai yang sempurna untuk saham minyak kecil pada tahun 2013 ... </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Inflasi komoditas akan mendorong harga minyak lebih tinggi. Inflasi aset akan mendorong harga saham yang lebih tinggi. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Itulah apa yang Fed ingin, dan itu apa yang Fed akan mendapatkan. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Satu-satunya pertanyaan adalah: <i>Apakah Anda akan mendapatkan Anda?</i> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Memiliki liburan yang aman dan bahagia, </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
<br /></div>
</div>

Yang termudah Keuntungan untuk 2013

Kadang-kadang mudah. Kadang-kadang, untuk Mengutip Jim Rogers besar, bergerak pasar saham begitu jelas telegram, ini masalah sederhana membungkuk di atas untuk mengambil keuntungan yang hanya ber…

21 Dec 2012

RFC 3490 - Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<pre>Network Working Group                                       P. Faltstrom
Request for Comments: 3490                                         Cisco
Category: Standards Track                                     P. Hoffman
                                                              IMC & VPNC
                                                             A. Costello
                                                             UC Berkeley
                                                              March 2003

Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

Until now, there has been no standard method for domain names to use
   characters outside the ASCII repertoire.  This document defines
   internationalized domain names (IDNs) and a mechanism called
   Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) for handling
   them in a standard fashion.  IDNs use characters drawn from a large
   repertoire (Unicode), but IDNA allows the non-ASCII characters to be
   represented using only the ASCII characters already allowed in so-
   called host names today.  This backward-compatible representation is
   required in existing protocols like DNS, so that IDNs can be
   introduced with no changes to the existing infrastructure.  IDNA is
   only meant for processing domain names, not free text.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction..................................................  2
      1.1 Problem Statement.........................................  3
      1.2 Limitations of IDNA.......................................  3
      1.3 Brief overview for application developers.................  4
   2. Terminology...................................................  5
   3. Requirements and applicability................................  7
      3.1 Requirements..............................................  7
      3.2 Applicability.............................................  8
         3.2.1. DNS resource records................................  8

3.2.2. Non-domain-name data types stored in domain names...  9
   4. Conversion operations.........................................  9
      4.1 ToASCII................................................... 10
      4.2 ToUnicode................................................. 11
   5. ACE prefix.................................................... 12
   6. Implications for typical applications using DNS............... 13
      6.1 Entry and display in applications......................... 14
      6.2 Applications and resolver libraries....................... 15
      6.3 DNS servers............................................... 15
      6.4 Avoiding exposing users to the raw ACE encoding........... 16
      6.5  DNSSEC authentication of IDN domain names................ 16
   7. Name server considerations.................................... 17
   8. Root server considerations.................................... 17
   9. References.................................................... 18
      9.1 Normative References...................................... 18
      9.2 Informative References.................................... 18
   10. Security Considerations...................................... 19
   11. IANA Considerations.......................................... 20
   12. Authors' Addresses........................................... 21
   13. Full Copyright Statement..................................... 22

1. Introduction

IDNA works by allowing applications to use certain ASCII name labels
   (beginning with a special prefix) to represent non-ASCII name labels.
   Lower-layer protocols need not be aware of this; therefore IDNA does
   not depend on changes to any infrastructure.  In particular, IDNA
   does not depend on any changes to DNS servers, resolvers, or protocol
   elements, because the ASCII name service provided by the existing DNS
   is entirely sufficient for IDNA.

This document does not require any applications to conform to IDNA,
   but applications can elect to use IDNA in order to support IDN while
   maintaining interoperability with existing infrastructure.  If an
   application wants to use non-ASCII characters in domain names, IDNA
   is the only currently-defined option.  Adding IDNA support to an
   existing application entails changes to the application only, and
   leaves room for flexibility in the user interface.

A great deal of the discussion of IDN solutions has focused on
   transition issues and how IDN will work in a world where not all of
   the components have been updated.  Proposals that were not chosen by
   the IDN Working Group would depend on user applications, resolvers,
   and DNS servers being updated in order for a user to use an
   internationalized domain name.  Rather than rely on widespread
   updating of all components, IDNA depends on updates to user
   applications only; no changes are needed to the DNS protocol or any
   DNS servers or the resolvers on user's computers.

1.1 Problem Statement

The IDNA specification solves the problem of extending the repertoire
   of characters that can be used in domain names to include the Unicode
   repertoire (with some restrictions).

IDNA does not extend the service offered by DNS to the applications.
   Instead, the applications (and, by implication, the users) continue
   to see an exact-match lookup service.  Either there is a single
   exactly-matching name or there is no match.  This model has served
   the existing applications well, but it requires, with or without
   internationalized domain names, that users know the exact spelling of
   the domain names that the users type into applications such as web
   browsers and mail user agents.  The introduction of the larger
   repertoire of characters potentially makes the set of misspellings
   larger, especially given that in some cases the same appearance, for
   example on a business card, might visually match several Unicode code
   points or several sequences of code points.

IDNA allows the graceful introduction of IDNs not only by avoiding
   upgrades to existing infrastructure (such as DNS servers and mail
   transport agents), but also by allowing some rudimentary use of IDNs
   in applications by using the ASCII representation of the non-ASCII
   name labels.  While such names are very user-unfriendly to read and
   type, and hence are not suitable for user input, they allow (for
   instance) replying to email and clicking on URLs even though the
   domain name displayed is incomprehensible to the user.  In order to
   allow user-friendly input and output of the IDNs, the applications
   need to be modified to conform to this specification.

IDNA uses the Unicode character repertoire, which avoids the
   significant delays that would be inherent in waiting for a different
   and specific character set be defined for IDN purposes by some other
   standards developing organization.

1.2 Limitations of IDNA

The IDNA protocol does not solve all linguistic issues with users
   inputting names in different scripts.  Many important language-based
   and script-based mappings are not covered in IDNA and need to be
   handled outside the protocol.  For example, names that are entered in
   a mix of traditional and simplified Chinese characters will not be
   mapped to a single canonical name.  Another example is Scandinavian
   names that are entered with U+00F6 (LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH
   DIAERESIS) will not be mapped to U+00F8 (LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH
   STROKE).

An example of an important issue that is not considered in detail in
   IDNA is how to provide a high probability that a user who is entering
   a domain name based on visual information (such as from a business
   card or billboard) or aural information (such as from a telephone or
   radio) would correctly enter the IDN.  Similar issues exist for ASCII
   domain names, for example the possible visual confusion between the
   letter 'O' and the digit zero, but the introduction of the larger
   repertoire of characters creates more opportunities of similar
   looking and similar sounding names.  Note that this is a complex
   issue relating to languages, input methods on computers, and so on.
   Furthermore, the kind of matching and searching necessary for a high
   probability of success would not fit the role of the DNS and its
   exact matching function.

1.3 Brief overview for application developers

Applications can use IDNA to support internationalized domain names
   anywhere that ASCII domain names are already supported, including DNS
   master files and resolver interfaces.  (Applications can also define
   protocols and interfaces that support IDNs directly using non-ASCII
   representations.  IDNA does not prescribe any particular
   representation for new protocols, but it still defines which names
   are valid and how they are compared.)

The IDNA protocol is contained completely within applications.  It is
   not a client-server or peer-to-peer protocol: everything is done
   inside the application itself.  When used with a DNS resolver
   library, IDNA is inserted as a "shim" between the application and the
   resolver library.  When used for writing names into a DNS zone, IDNA
   is used just before the name is committed to the zone.

There are two operations described in section 4 of this document:

-  The ToASCII operation is used before sending an IDN to something
      that expects ASCII names (such as a resolver) or writing an IDN
      into a place that expects ASCII names (such as a DNS master file).

-  The ToUnicode operation is used when displaying names to users,
      for example names obtained from a DNS zone.

It is important to note that the ToASCII operation can fail.  If it
   fails when processing a domain name, that domain name cannot be used
   as an internationalized domain name and the application has to have
   some method of dealing with this failure.

IDNA requires that implementations process input strings with
   Nameprep [NAMEPREP], which is a profile of Stringprep [STRINGPREP],
   and then with Punycode [PUNYCODE].  Implementations of IDNA MUST

fully implement Nameprep and Punycode; neither Nameprep nor Punycode
   are optional.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "SHALL", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED",
   and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2119.html">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2119.html">RFC2119</a>].

A code point is an integer value associated with a character in a
   coded character set.

Unicode [UNICODE] is a coded character set containing tens of
   thousands of characters.  A single Unicode code point is denoted by
   "U+" followed by four to six hexadecimal digits, while a range of
   Unicode code points is denoted by two hexadecimal numbers separated
   by "..", with no prefixes.

ASCII means US-ASCII [USASCII], a coded character set containing 128
   characters associated with code points in the range 0..7F.  Unicode
   is an extension of ASCII: it includes all the ASCII characters and
   associates them with the same code points.

The term "LDH code points" is defined in this document to mean the
   code points associated with ASCII letters, digits, and the hyphen-
   minus; that is, U+002D, 30..39, 41..5A, and 61..7A. "LDH" is an
   abbreviation for "letters, digits, hyphen".

[STD13] talks about "domain names" and "host names", but many people
   use the terms interchangeably.  Further, because [STD13] was not
   terribly clear, many people who are sure they know the exact
   definitions of each of these terms disagree on the definitions.  In
   this document the term "domain name" is used in general.  This
   document explicitly cites [STD3] whenever referring to the host name
   syntax restrictions defined therein.

A label is an individual part of a domain name.  Labels are usually
   shown separated by dots; for example, the domain name
   "www.example.com" is composed of three labels: "www", "example", and
   "com".  (The zero-length root label described in [STD13], which can
   be explicit as in "www.example.com." or implicit as in
   "www.example.com", is not considered a label in this specification.)
   IDNA extends the set of usable characters in labels that are text.
   For the rest of this document, the term "label" is shorthand for
   "text label", and "every label" means "every text label".

An "internationalized label" is a label to which the ToASCII
   operation (see section 4) can be applied without failing (with the
   UseSTD3ASCIIRules flag unset).  This implies that every ASCII label
   that satisfies the [STD13] length restriction is an internationalized
   label.  Therefore the term "internationalized label" is a
   generalization, embracing both old ASCII labels and new non-ASCII
   labels.  Although most Unicode characters can appear in
   internationalized labels, ToASCII will fail for some input strings,
   and such strings are not valid internationalized labels.

An "internationalized domain name" (IDN) is a domain name in which
   every label is an internationalized label.  This implies that every
   ASCII domain name is an IDN (which implies that it is possible for a
   name to be an IDN without it containing any non-ASCII characters).
   This document does not attempt to define an "internationalized host
   name".  Just as has been the case with ASCII names, some DNS zone
   administrators may impose restrictions, beyond those imposed by DNS
   or IDNA, on the characters or strings that may be registered as
   labels in their zones.  Such restrictions have no impact on the
   syntax or semantics of DNS protocol messages; a query for a name that
   matches no records will yield the same response regardless of the
   reason why it is not in the zone.  Clients issuing queries or
   interpreting responses cannot be assumed to have any knowledge of
   zone-specific restrictions or conventions.

In IDNA, equivalence of labels is defined in terms of the ToASCII
   operation, which constructs an ASCII form for a given label, whether
   or not the label was already an ASCII label.  Labels are defined to
   be equivalent if and only if their ASCII forms produced by ToASCII
   match using a case-insensitive ASCII comparison.  ASCII labels
   already have a notion of equivalence: upper case and lower case are
   considered equivalent.  The IDNA notion of equivalence is an
   extension of that older notion.  Equivalent labels in IDNA are
   treated as alternate forms of the same label, just as "foo" and "Foo"
   are treated as alternate forms of the same label.

To allow internationalized labels to be handled by existing
   applications, IDNA uses an "ACE label" (ACE stands for ASCII
   Compatible Encoding).  An ACE label is an internationalized label
   that can be rendered in ASCII and is equivalent to an
   internationalized label that cannot be rendered in ASCII.  Given any
   internationalized label that cannot be rendered in ASCII, the ToASCII
   operation will convert it to an equivalent ACE label (whereas an
   ASCII label will be left unaltered by ToASCII).  ACE labels are
   unsuitable for display to users.  The ToUnicode operation will
   convert any label to an equivalent non-ACE label.  In fact, an ACE
   label is formally defined to be any label that the ToUnicode
   operation would alter (whereas non-ACE labels are left unaltered by

ToUnicode).  Every ACE label begins with the ACE prefix specified in
   section 5.  The ToASCII and ToUnicode operations are specified in
   section 4.

The "ACE prefix" is defined in this document to be a string of ASCII
   characters that appears at the beginning of every ACE label.  It is
   specified in section 5.

A "domain name slot" is defined in this document to be a protocol
   element or a function argument or a return value (and so on)
   explicitly designated for carrying a domain name.  Examples of domain
   name slots include: the QNAME field of a DNS query; the name argument
   of the gethostbyname() library function; the part of an email address
   following the at-sign (@) in the From: field of an email message
   header; and the host portion of the URI in the src attribute of an
   HTML <IMG> tag.  General text that just happens to contain a domain
   name is not a domain name slot; for example, a domain name appearing
   in the plain text body of an email message is not occupying a domain
   name slot.

An "IDN-aware domain name slot" is defined in this document to be a
   domain name slot explicitly designated for carrying an
   internationalized domain name as defined in this document.  The
   designation may be static (for example, in the specification of the
   protocol or interface) or dynamic (for example, as a result of
   negotiation in an interactive session).

An "IDN-unaware domain name slot" is defined in this document to be
   any domain name slot that is not an IDN-aware domain name slot.
   Obviously, this includes any domain name slot whose specification
   predates IDNA.

3. Requirements and applicability

3.1 Requirements

IDNA conformance means adherence to the following four requirements:

1) Whenever dots are used as label separators, the following
      characters MUST be recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop), U+3002
      (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61
      (halfwidth ideographic full stop).

2) Whenever a domain name is put into an IDN-unaware domain name slot
      (see section 2), it MUST contain only ASCII characters.  Given an
      internationalized domain name (IDN), an equivalent domain name
      satisfying this requirement can be obtained by applying the

ToASCII operation (see section 4) to each label and, if dots are
      used as label separators, changing all the label separators to
      U+002E.

3) ACE labels obtained from domain name slots SHOULD be hidden from
      users when it is known that the environment can handle the non-ACE
      form, except when the ACE form is explicitly requested.  When it
      is not known whether or not the environment can handle the non-ACE
      form, the application MAY use the non-ACE form (which might fail,
      such as by not being displayed properly), or it MAY use the ACE
      form (which will look unintelligle to the user).  Given an
      internationalized domain name, an equivalent domain name
      containing no ACE labels can be obtained by applying the ToUnicode
      operation (see section 4) to each label.  When requirements 2 and
      3 both apply, requirement 2 takes precedence.

4) Whenever two labels are compared, they MUST be considered to match
      if and only if they are equivalent, that is, their ASCII forms
      (obtained by applying ToASCII) match using a case-insensitive
      ASCII comparison.  Whenever two names are compared, they MUST be
      considered to match if and only if their corresponding labels
      match, regardless of whether the names use the same forms of label
      separators.

3.2 Applicability

IDNA is applicable to all domain names in all domain name slots
   except where it is explicitly excluded.

This implies that IDNA is applicable to many protocols that predate
   IDNA.  Note that IDNs occupying domain name slots in those protocols
   MUST be in ASCII form (see section 3.1, requirement 2).

3.2.1. DNS resource records

IDNA does not apply to domain names in the NAME and RDATA fields of
   DNS resource records whose CLASS is not IN.  This exclusion applies
   to every non-IN class, present and future, except where future
   standards override this exclusion by explicitly inviting the use of
   IDNA.

There are currently no other exclusions on the applicability of IDNA
   to DNS resource records; it depends entirely on the CLASS, and not on
   the TYPE.  This will remain true, even as new types are defined,
   unless there is a compelling reason for a new type to complicate
   matters by imposing type-specific rules.

3.2.2. Non-domain-name data types stored in domain names

Although IDNA enables the representation of non-ASCII characters in
   domain names, that does not imply that IDNA enables the
   representation of non-ASCII characters in other data types that are
   stored in domain names.  For example, an email address local part is
   sometimes stored in a domain label (<a href="mailto:hostmaster@example.com">hostmaster@example.com</a> would be
   represented as hostmaster.example.com in the RDATA field of an SOA
   record).  IDNA does not update the existing email standards, which
   allow only ASCII characters in local parts.  Therefore, unless the
   email standards are revised to invite the use of IDNA for local
   parts, a domain label that holds the local part of an email address
   SHOULD NOT begin with the ACE prefix, and even if it does, it is to
   be interpreted literally as a local part that happens to begin with
   the ACE prefix.

4. Conversion operations

An application converts a domain name put into an IDN-unaware slot or
   displayed to a user.  This section specifies the steps to perform in
   the conversion, and the ToASCII and ToUnicode operations.

The input to ToASCII or ToUnicode is a single label that is a
   sequence of Unicode code points (remember that all ASCII code points
   are also Unicode code points).  If a domain name is represented using
   a character set other than Unicode or US-ASCII, it will first need to
   be transcoded to Unicode.

Starting from a whole domain name, the steps that an application
   takes to do the conversions are:

1) Decide whether the domain name is a "stored string" or a "query
      string" as described in [STRINGPREP].  If this conversion follows
      the "queries" rule from [STRINGPREP], set the flag called
      "AllowUnassigned".

2) Split the domain name into individual labels as described in
      section 3.1.  The labels do not include the separator.

3) For each label, decide whether or not to enforce the restrictions
      on ASCII characters in host names [STD3].  (Applications already
      faced this choice before the introduction of IDNA, and can
      continue to make the decision the same way they always have; IDNA
      makes no new recommendations regarding this choice.)  If the
      restrictions are to be enforced, set the flag called
      "UseSTD3ASCIIRules" for that label.

4) Process each label with either the ToASCII or the ToUnicode
      operation as appropriate.  Typically, you use the ToASCII
      operation if you are about to put the name into an IDN-unaware
      slot, and you use the ToUnicode operation if you are displaying
      the name to a user; section 3.1 gives greater detail on the
      applicable requirements.

5) If ToASCII was applied in step 4 and dots are used as label
      separators, change all the label separators to U+002E (full stop).

The following two subsections define the ToASCII and ToUnicode
   operations that are used in step 4.

This description of the protocol uses specific procedure names, names
   of flags, and so on, in order to facilitate the specification of the
   protocol.  These names, as well as the actual steps of the
   procedures, are not required of an implementation.  In fact, any
   implementation which has the same external behavior as specified in
   this document conforms to this specification.

4.1 ToASCII

The ToASCII operation takes a sequence of Unicode code points that
   make up one label and transforms it into a sequence of code points in
   the ASCII range (0..7F).  If ToASCII succeeds, the original sequence
   and the resulting sequence are equivalent labels.

It is important to note that the ToASCII operation can fail.  ToASCII
   fails if any step of it fails.  If any step of the ToASCII operation
   fails on any label in a domain name, that domain name MUST NOT be
   used as an internationalized domain name.  The method for dealing
   with this failure is application-specific.

The inputs to ToASCII are a sequence of code points, the
   AllowUnassigned flag, and the UseSTD3ASCIIRules flag.  The output of
   ToASCII is either a sequence of ASCII code points or a failure
   condition.

ToASCII never alters a sequence of code points that are all in the
   ASCII range to begin with (although it could fail).  Applying the
   ToASCII operation multiple times has exactly the same effect as
   applying it just once.

ToASCII consists of the following steps:

1. If the sequence contains any code points outside the ASCII range
      (0..7F) then proceed to step 2, otherwise skip to step 3.

2. Perform the steps specified in [NAMEPREP] and fail if there is an
      error.  The AllowUnassigned flag is used in [NAMEPREP].

3. If the UseSTD3ASCIIRules flag is set, then perform these checks:

(a) Verify the absence of non-LDH ASCII code points; that is, the
         absence of 0..2C, 2E..2F, 3A..40, 5B..60, and 7B..7F.

(b) Verify the absence of leading and trailing hyphen-minus; that
         is, the absence of U+002D at the beginning and end of the
         sequence.

4. If the sequence contains any code points outside the ASCII range
      (0..7F) then proceed to step 5, otherwise skip to step 8.

5. Verify that the sequence does NOT begin with the ACE prefix.

6. Encode the sequence using the encoding algorithm in [PUNYCODE] and
      fail if there is an error.

7. Prepend the ACE prefix.

8. Verify that the number of code points is in the range 1 to 63
      inclusive.

4.2 ToUnicode

The ToUnicode operation takes a sequence of Unicode code points that
   make up one label and returns a sequence of Unicode code points.  If
   the input sequence is a label in ACE form, then the result is an
   equivalent internationalized label that is not in ACE form, otherwise
   the original sequence is returned unaltered.

ToUnicode never fails.  If any step fails, then the original input
   sequence is returned immediately in that step.

The ToUnicode output never contains more code points than its input.
   Note that the number of octets needed to represent a sequence of code
   points depends on the particular character encoding used.

The inputs to ToUnicode are a sequence of code points, the
   AllowUnassigned flag, and the UseSTD3ASCIIRules flag.  The output of
   ToUnicode is always a sequence of Unicode code points.

1. If all code points in the sequence are in the ASCII range (0..7F)
      then skip to step 3.

2. Perform the steps specified in [NAMEPREP] and fail if there is an
      error.  (If step 3 of ToASCII is also performed here, it will not
      affect the overall behavior of ToUnicode, but it is not
      necessary.)  The AllowUnassigned flag is used in [NAMEPREP].

3. Verify that the sequence begins with the ACE prefix, and save a
      copy of the sequence.

4. Remove the ACE prefix.

5. Decode the sequence using the decoding algorithm in [PUNYCODE] and
      fail if there is an error.  Save a copy of the result of this
      step.

6. Apply ToASCII.

7. Verify that the result of step 6 matches the saved copy from step
      3, using a case-insensitive ASCII comparison.

8. Return the saved copy from step 5.

5. ACE prefix

The ACE prefix, used in the conversion operations (section 4), is two
   alphanumeric ASCII characters followed by two hyphen-minuses.  It
   cannot be any of the prefixes already used in earlier documents,
   which includes the following: "bl--", "bq--", "dq--", "lq--", "mq--",
   "ra--", "wq--" and "zq--".  The ToASCII and ToUnicode operations MUST
   recognize the ACE prefix in a case-insensitive manner.

The ACE prefix for IDNA is "xn--" or any capitalization thereof.

This means that an ACE label might be "xn--de-jg4avhby1noc0d", where
   "de-jg4avhby1noc0d" is the part of the ACE label that is generated by
   the encoding steps in [PUNYCODE].

While all ACE labels begin with the ACE prefix, not all labels
   beginning with the ACE prefix are necessarily ACE labels.  Non-ACE
   labels that begin with the ACE prefix will confuse users and SHOULD
   NOT be allowed in DNS zones.

6. Implications for typical applications using DNS

In IDNA, applications perform the processing needed to input
   internationalized domain names from users, display internationalized
   domain names to users, and process the inputs and outputs from DNS
   and other protocols that carry domain names.

The components and interfaces between them can be represented
   pictorially as:

+------+
                    | User |
                    +------+
                       ^
                       | Input and display: local interface methods
                       | (pen, keyboard, glowing phosphorus, ...)
   +-------------------|-------------------------------+
   |                   v                               |
   |          +-----------------------------+          |
   |          |        Application          |          |
   |          |   (ToASCII and ToUnicode    |          |
   |          |      operations may be      |          |
   |          |        called here)         |          |
   |          +-----------------------------+          |
   |                   ^        ^                      | End system
   |                   |        |                      |
   | Call to resolver: |        | Application-specific |
   |              ACE  |        | protocol:            |
   |                   v        | ACE unless the       |
   |           +----------+     | protocol is updated  |
   |           | Resolver |     | to handle other      |
   |           +----------+     | encodings            |
   |                 ^          |                      |
   +-----------------|----------|----------------------+
       DNS protocol: |          |
                 ACE |          |
                     v          v
          +-------------+    +---------------------+
          | DNS servers |    | Application servers |
          +-------------+    +---------------------+

The box labeled "Application" is where the application splits a
   domain name into labels, sets the appropriate flags, and performs the
   ToASCII and ToUnicode operations.  This is described in section 4.

6.1 Entry and display in applications

Applications can accept domain names using any character set or sets
   desired by the application developer, and can display domain names in
   any charset.  That is, the IDNA protocol does not affect the
   interface between users and applications.

An IDNA-aware application can accept and display internationalized
   domain names in two formats: the internationalized character set(s)
   supported by the application, and as an ACE label.  ACE labels that
   are displayed or input MUST always include the ACE prefix.
   Applications MAY allow input and display of ACE labels, but are not
   encouraged to do so except as an interface for special purposes,
   possibly for debugging, or to cope with display limitations as
   described in section 6.4..  ACE encoding is opaque and ugly, and
   should thus only be exposed to users who absolutely need it.  Because
   name labels encoded as ACE name labels can be rendered either as the
   encoded ASCII characters or the proper decoded characters, the
   application MAY have an option for the user to select the preferred
   method of display; if it does, rendering the ACE SHOULD NOT be the
   default.

Domain names are often stored and transported in many places.  For
   example, they are part of documents such as mail messages and web
   pages.  They are transported in many parts of many protocols, such as
   both the control commands and the <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2822.html">RFC 2822</a> body parts of SMTP, and
   the headers and the body content in HTTP.  It is important to
   remember that domain names appear both in domain name slots and in
   the content that is passed over protocols.

In protocols and document formats that define how to handle
   specification or negotiation of charsets, labels can be encoded in
   any charset allowed by the protocol or document format.  If a
   protocol or document format only allows one charset, the labels MUST
   be given in that charset.

In any place where a protocol or document format allows transmission
   of the characters in internationalized labels, internationalized
   labels SHOULD be transmitted using whatever character encoding and
   escape mechanism that the protocol or document format uses at that
   place.

All protocols that use domain name slots already have the capacity
   for handling domain names in the ASCII charset.  Thus, ACE labels
   (internationalized labels that have been processed with the ToASCII
   operation) can inherently be handled by those protocols.

6.2 Applications and resolver libraries

Applications normally use functions in the operating system when they
   resolve DNS queries.  Those functions in the operating system are
   often called "the resolver library", and the applications communicate
   with the resolver libraries through a programming interface (API).

Because these resolver libraries today expect only domain names in
   ASCII, applications MUST prepare labels that are passed to the
   resolver library using the ToASCII operation.  Labels received from
   the resolver library contain only ASCII characters; internationalized
   labels that cannot be represented directly in ASCII use the ACE form.
   ACE labels always include the ACE prefix.

An operating system might have a set of libraries for performing the
   ToASCII operation.  The input to such a library might be in one or
   more charsets that are used in applications (UTF-8 and UTF-16 are
   likely candidates for almost any operating system, and script-
   specific charsets are likely for localized operating systems).

IDNA-aware applications MUST be able to work with both non-
   internationalized labels (those that conform to [STD13] and [STD3])
   and internationalized labels.

It is expected that new versions of the resolver libraries in the
   future will be able to accept domain names in other charsets than
   ASCII, and application developers might one day pass not only domain
   names in Unicode, but also in local script to a new API for the
   resolver libraries in the operating system.  Thus the ToASCII and
   ToUnicode operations might be performed inside these new versions of
   the resolver libraries.

Domain names passed to resolvers or put into the question section of
   DNS requests follow the rules for "queries" from [STRINGPREP].

6.3 DNS servers

Domain names stored in zones follow the rules for "stored strings"
   from [STRINGPREP].

For internationalized labels that cannot be represented directly in
   ASCII, DNS servers MUST use the ACE form produced by the ToASCII
   operation.  All IDNs served by DNS servers MUST contain only ASCII
   characters.

If a signaling system which makes negotiation possible between old
   and new DNS clients and servers is standardized in the future, the
   encoding of the query in the DNS protocol itself can be changed from

ACE to something else, such as UTF-8.  The question whether or not
   this should be used is, however, a separate problem and is not
   discussed in this memo.

6.4 Avoiding exposing users to the raw ACE encoding

Any application that might show the user a domain name obtained from
   a domain name slot, such as from gethostbyaddr or part of a mail
   header, will need to be updated if it is to prevent users from seeing
   the ACE.

If an application decodes an ACE name using ToUnicode but cannot show
   all of the characters in the decoded name, such as if the name
   contains characters that the output system cannot display, the
   application SHOULD show the name in ACE format (which always includes
   the ACE prefix) instead of displaying the name with the replacement
   character (U+FFFD).  This is to make it easier for the user to
   transfer the name correctly to other programs.  Programs that by
   default show the ACE form when they cannot show all the characters in
   a name label SHOULD also have a mechanism to show the name that is
   produced by the ToUnicode operation with as many characters as
   possible and replacement characters in the positions where characters
   cannot be displayed.

The ToUnicode operation does not alter labels that are not valid ACE
   labels, even if they begin with the ACE prefix.  After ToUnicode has
   been applied, if a label still begins with the ACE prefix, then it is
   not a valid ACE label, and is not equivalent to any of the
   intermediate Unicode strings constructed by ToUnicode.

6.5  DNSSEC authentication of IDN domain names

DNS Security [<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2535.html">RFC2535</a>] is a method for supplying cryptographic
   verification information along with DNS messages.  Public Key
   Cryptography is used in conjunction with digital signatures to
   provide a means for a requester of domain information to authenticate
   the source of the data.  This ensures that it can be traced back to a
   trusted source, either directly, or via a chain of trust linking the
   source of the information to the top of the DNS hierarchy.

IDNA specifies that all internationalized domain names served by DNS
   servers that cannot be represented directly in ASCII must use the ACE
   form produced by the ToASCII operation.  This operation must be
   performed prior to a zone being signed by the private key for that
   zone.  Because of this ordering, it is important to recognize that
   DNSSEC authenticates the ASCII domain name, not the Unicode form or

the mapping between the Unicode form and the ASCII form.  In the
   presence of DNSSEC, this is the name that MUST be signed in the zone
   and MUST be validated against.

One consequence of this for sites deploying IDNA in the presence of
   DNSSEC is that any special purpose proxies or forwarders used to
   transform user input into IDNs must be earlier in the resolution flow
   than DNSSEC authenticating nameservers for DNSSEC to work.

7. Name server considerations

Existing DNS servers do not know the IDNA rules for handling non-
   ASCII forms of IDNs, and therefore need to be shielded from them.
   All existing channels through which names can enter a DNS server
   database (for example, master files [STD13] and DNS update messages
   [<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2136.html">RFC2136</a>]) are IDN-unaware because they predate IDNA, and therefore
   requirement 2 of section 3.1 of this document provides the needed
   shielding, by ensuring that internationalized domain names entering
   DNS server databases through such channels have already been
   converted to their equivalent ASCII forms.

It is imperative that there be only one ASCII encoding for a
   particular domain name.  Because of the design of the ToASCII and
   ToUnicode operations, there are no ACE labels that decode to ASCII
   labels, and therefore name servers cannot contain multiple ASCII
   encodings of the same domain name.

[<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2181.html">RFC2181</a>] explicitly allows domain labels to contain octets beyond
   the ASCII range (0..7F), and this document does not change that.
   Note, however, that there is no defined interpretation of octets
   80..FF as characters.  If labels containing these octets are returned
   to applications, unpredictable behavior could result.  The ASCII form
   defined by ToASCII is the only standard representation for
   internationalized labels in the current DNS protocol.

8. Root server considerations

IDNs are likely to be somewhat longer than current domain names, so
   the bandwidth needed by the root servers is likely to go up by a
   small amount.  Also, queries and responses for IDNs will probably be
   somewhat longer than typical queries today, so more queries and
   responses may be forced to go to TCP instead of UDP.

9. References

9.1 Normative References

[<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2119.html">RFC2119</a>]    Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                Requirement Levels", BCP 14, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2119.html">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.

[STRINGPREP] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of
                Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3454.html">RFC 3454</a>,
                December 2002.

[NAMEPREP]   Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep
                Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC
                3491, March 2003.

[PUNYCODE]   Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of
                Unicode for use with Internationalized Domain Names in
                Applications (IDNA)", <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3492.html">RFC 3492</a>, March 2003.

[STD3]       Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
                Communication Layers", STD 3, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1122.html">RFC 1122</a>, and
                "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and
                Support", STD 3, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1123.html">RFC 1123</a>, October 1989.

[STD13]      Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and
                facilities", STD 13, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1034.html">RFC 1034</a> and "Domain names -
                implementation and specification", STD 13, <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1035.html">RFC 1035</a>,
                November 1987.

9.2 Informative References

[<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2535.html">RFC2535</a>]    Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions",
                <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2535.html">RFC 2535</a>, March 1999.

[<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2181.html">RFC2181</a>]    Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
                Specification", <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2181.html">RFC 2181</a>, July 1997.

[UAX9]       Unicode Standard Annex #9, The Bidirectional Algorithm,
                <<a href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr9/">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr9/</a>>.

[UNICODE]    The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version
                3.2.0 is defined by The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0
                (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2000. ISBN 0-201-61633-5),
                as amended by the Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode
                3.1 (<a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/</a>) and by the
                Unicode Standard Annex #28: Unicode 3.2
                (<a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr28/">http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr28/</a>).

[USASCII]    Cerf, V., "ASCII format for Network Interchange", RFC
                20, October 1969.

10. Security Considerations

Security on the Internet partly relies on the DNS.  Thus, any change
   to the characteristics of the DNS can change the security of much of
   the Internet.

This memo describes an algorithm which encodes characters that are
   not valid according to STD3 and STD13 into octet values that are
   valid.  No security issues such as string length increases or new
   allowed values are introduced by the encoding process or the use of
   these encoded values, apart from those introduced by the ACE encoding
   itself.

Domain names are used by users to identify and connect to Internet
   servers.  The security of the Internet is compromised if a user
   entering a single internationalized name is connected to different
   servers based on different interpretations of the internationalized
   domain name.

When systems use local character sets other than ASCII and Unicode,
   this specification leaves the the problem of transcoding between the
   local character set and Unicode up to the application.  If different
   applications (or different versions of one application) implement
   different transcoding rules, they could interpret the same name
   differently and contact different servers.  This problem is not
   solved by security protocols like TLS that do not take local
   character sets into account.

Because this document normatively refers to [NAMEPREP], [PUNYCODE],
   and [STRINGPREP], it includes the security considerations from those
   documents as well.

If or when this specification is updated to use a more recent Unicode
   normalization table, the new normalization table will need to be
   compared with the old to spot backwards incompatible changes.  If
   there are such changes, they will need to be handled somehow, or
   there will be security as well as operational implications.  Methods
   to handle the conflicts could include keeping the old normalization,
   or taking care of the conflicting characters by operational means, or
   some other method.

Implementations MUST NOT use more recent normalization tables than
   the one referenced from this document, even though more recent tables
   may be provided by operating systems.  If an application is unsure of
   which version of the normalization tables are in the operating

system, the application needs to include the normalization tables
   itself.  Using normalization tables other than the one referenced
   from this specification could have security and operational
   implications.

To help prevent confusion between characters that are visually
   similar, it is suggested that implementations provide visual
   indications where a domain name contains multiple scripts.  Such
   mechanisms can also be used to show when a name contains a mixture of
   simplified and traditional Chinese characters, or to distinguish zero
   and one from O and l.  DNS zone adminstrators may impose restrictions
   (subject to the limitations in section 2) that try to minimize
   homographs.

Domain names (or portions of them) are sometimes compared against a
   set of privileged or anti-privileged domains.  In such situations it
   is especially important that the comparisons be done properly, as
   specified in section 3.1 requirement 4.  For labels already in ASCII
   form, the proper comparison reduces to the same case-insensitive
   ASCII comparison that has always been used for ASCII labels.

The introduction of IDNA means that any existing labels that start
   with the ACE prefix and would be altered by ToUnicode will
   automatically be ACE labels, and will be considered equivalent to
   non-ASCII labels, whether or not that was the intent of the zone
   adminstrator or registrant.

11. IANA Considerations

IANA has assigned the ACE prefix in consultation with the IESG.

12. Authors' Addresses

Patrik Faltstrom
   Cisco Systems
   Arstaangsvagen 31 J
   S-117 43 Stockholm  Sweden

EMail: <a href="mailto:paf@cisco.com">paf@cisco.com</a>

Paul Hoffman
   Internet Mail Consortium and VPN Consortium
   127 Segre Place
   Santa Cruz, CA  95060  USA

EMail: <a href="mailto:phoffman@imc.org">phoffman@imc.org</a>

Adam M. Costello
   University of California, Berkeley

URL: <a href="http://www.nicemice.net/amc/">http://www.nicemice.net/amc/</a>

13. Full Copyright Statement

This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.

</pre>
  source: http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3490.html</div>

RFC 3490 - Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)

Network Working Group P. Faltstrom Request for Comments: 3490 Cisco Category: Standards Track …

19 Dec 2012

The .ly domain space to be considered unsafe | :Ben Metcalfe Blog

<h2>The .ly domain space to be considered unsafe</h2>I would like to warn current and future owners of .ly  domains of a concerning incident regarding the deletion of one of our  prime domains ‘vb.ly’ by <a href="http://nic.ly/">NIC.ly</a> (the domain registry and controlling body for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ly">Libyan domain space ‘.ly’</a>).<br /><strong>In short:</strong><br />The domain was seized by the Libyan domain registry for reasons which  seemed to be kept obscure until we escalated the issue.  We eventually  discovered that the domain has been seized because the <strong>content</strong> of our website, in their opinion, fell outside of Libyan Islamic/Sharia Law.<br />This is deeply concerning for everyone, but especially .ly domain  owners, because it sets a precedent that all websites running on a .ly  domain must comply with Libyan Islamic/Sharia Law in order to maintain  their domains.  This is especially concerning for anyone running a url  shortener or hosting user-generated content on a .ly domain.<br />You may also not know that since June 2010 .ly domains less than 4 characters long <a href="http://www.libyanspider.com/m/announcements.php?id=16">may no longer be registered by anyone who isn’t in Libya</a> – which suggests there is tension around foreign owned, high-value, short .ly domains.<br /><strong>The full story:</strong><br />Our domain ‘vb.ly’ <em>(which was joint owned by myself and my partner <a href="http://twitter.com/violetblue">Violet Blue</a>)</em>  was deleted by NIC.ly without warning or notice on or around September  23rd 2010.  We were subsequently told that our domain has been removed  to us being “in clear violation of NIC rules and regulations” relating  to “text referring to adult content and offensive imagery from [our]  main page”.<br />The regulations for .ly domains are available at <a href="http://nic.ly/regulations.php">http://nic.ly/regulations.php</a>.   Aside from the fact that we contest that any adult content or  offensive imagery exists on the site (vb.ly is a url shortener), what is  more concerning is that there does not appear to be any regulation(s)  written on that page that actually pertains to the violation notice we  were given.<br /><strong>In other words we felt that the NIC.ly registry was claiming  it has deleted our domain for infringements that do not actually form  any part of their regulations.</strong><br />However after numerous emails and escalating the matter to NIC.ly  directly, we were told by Mr Alaeddin S. ElSharif (Web services Dept.  NIC.ly/Libya Telecom and Technology):<br /><blockquote>“…clause 3.5 clearly states that: “The Applicant  certifies that, to the best of his/her knowledge the domain name is not  being registered for any activities/purpose not permitted under Libyan  law.”<br />Pornography and adult material aren’t allowed under Libyan Law, therefore we removed the domain…”</blockquote>Again, while we contest that there was <strong>NO</strong>  pornography or adult material on vb.ly, I would suggest that there is a  far more concerning issue here if domain registries can decide on the  validity of a domain registration based on the content of the website  that uses it.  I would argue that the two are extricably decoupled and  separate entities.<br />An additional concern is that the clause being used here pertains to  Libyan Islamic Law which appears impossible to find listed in English.<br />This incident also follows on from a significant <em>(but sadly unreported)</em> <a href="http://www.libyanspider.com/m/announcements.php?id=16">recent decision by NIC.ly that as of June 2010</a>:<br /><blockquote>“.LY domains that are shorter than 4 characters are only allowed for companies or individuals having presence in Libya.” [<a href="http://libyanspider.com/m/announcements.php?id=16">link</a>] </blockquote>Existing owners of such domains may renew but those premium domains  are no longer open for registration by anyone who does not have a  presence in Libya.  Think about that, the domains for bit.ly, owl.ly  (another set of url shorteners) and ad.ly (advertising solution),  would  not be registrable now by foreigners.  Previously, any domain available  was available to anyone who wanted to register it.<br />We found this u-turn in registration policy surprising.  We wonder  whether having seen the ‘mini domain gold rush’ that occured with the  .ly domain space, there is suddenly a desire – perhaps even pressure –  to have local Libyans control some of the the most premium and valuable  .ly domains.<br />With this already in our minds, we found the following line from the  email communication we received about the deletion deeply concerning:<br /><blockquote>…your domain being removed from NIC.LY records and made available for re-registration for locals</blockquote>We wonder whether this line suggests that in the back of the mind of  the person deleting our domain was the motivation that a rare <4  letter .ly domain would suddenly become available for a local Libyan  national to register.<br />I’m not against Libyans registering .ly domains; instead I suggest  that NIC.ly/Libya realized too late the value of these premium domains  and now there is clearly back-peddling going on to ensure they don’t all  end up in the hands of non-Libyans.  Further more, I wonder if there is  pressure for NIC.ly to do what it can to recover premium <4 letter  .ly domains where possible so that they end up back in the pool only  available for locals to re-register Finally, I wonder whether NIC.ly are  being pressured to go so far with this that they would even revoke  domains for reasons that don’t specifically violate any of the  regulations that domain owners agreed to upon registration.<br /><strong>.ly domain space to be considered unsafe</strong><br />For these reasons I believe the .ly domains should be considered  unsafe.  Anyone running a business or relying on a website with a one,  two or three letter .ly domain should be incredibly cautious.  This  obviously includes anyone who uses <a href="http://bit.ly/">bit.ly</a>, <a href="http://3.ly/">3.ly</a>, <a href="http://owl.ly/">owl.ly</a> and any other similar url shortener.<br />I cannot see how the deletion of our .ly domain couldn’t happen to  the owners of these domains too.  In fact bit.ly is hosting many, many  links that <a href="http://bit.ly/noxgS">depict the Prophet Muhammad</a> (PBUH), <a href="http://bit.ly/YaEji">extreme pornographic subject matter</a>, etc.<br />However, the fact that NIC.ly are asserting editorial control over  the content of any website using a .ly domain is perhaps the most  troubling to any .ly domain owner and indeed the internet community at  large.  Not only is it paramount to censorship and doesn’t reflect the  decoupled nature of domains vs websites, but it sets a dangerous  precedent in the space.<br />At the time of writing our domain vb.ly is still revoked and our website is offline.<br />To sum up:<br /><ul><li>.ly domains deemed to be in violation of NIC.ly regulation are being  deregistered and removed without warning – causing significant  inconvenience and damage.</li><li>.ly domains are being deregistered and removed due to reasons that do not correspond to the regulations defined in the <a href="http://nic.ly/regulations.php">official NIC.ly Regulations</a>.</li><li>NIC.ly seems to want to extend their reach beyond the domain itself  and regulate the content of websites that use a .ly domain.  The concept  amounts to censorship and makes .ly domains untenable to be used for  user-generated content or url shorteners.</li><li>Libyan Islamic/Sharia Law is being used to consider the validity of  domains, which is unclear and obscure in terms of being able to know  what is allowed and what isn’t.</li><li>NIC.ly have suddenly decided that <4 letter .ly domains should  only be available to local Libyans and this appears to create motivation  to recover what premium domains they can to go back into this new  local-only pot of domains.</li></ul>You can read more about this, including copies of email correspondence, <a href="http://techyum.com/2010/10/official-vb-ly-link-shortener-seized-by-libyan-government/">over at Violet Blue’s TechYum website</a>.<br />UPDATE: My partner Violet Blue (former co-owner of vb.ly) <a href="http://www.tinynibbles.com/blogarchives/2010/10/i-for-one-welcome-our-new-tld-overlords-with-bare-arms.html">has a thought provoking review</a> of the way this story has played out across the media today. Her site is slightly NSFW.<br /><a href="http://benmetcalfe.com/blog/2010/10/the-ly-domain-space-to-be-considered-unsafe/">The .ly domain space to be considered unsafe | :Ben Metcalfe Blog</a>

The .ly domain space to be considered unsafe | :Ben Metcalfe Blog

The .ly domain space to be considered unsafeI would like to warn current and future owners of .ly domains of a concerning incident regarding the deletion of one of our prime domains ‘vb.ly’ by NIC.l…

04 Jul 2012

Load more posts