URL

URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) - a standardized format for addressing
resources, standardized form of writing addresses on the Internet.

Each URL is unique and shows the location of the network.
Initially, the creator of URL Tim Berners-Lee wanted to use the
identifier to determine separate files in local area networks, and later
in the global Internet. Currently URL has its own standard (RFC 1738) and used for the determination of any files and nodes in the network.





URL format
URLs that are the traditional form of writing: <protocol> :/ /
<contenttype> strony="">. <username> Domeny="">
<port> / <path URL> / For example: http://www.example . com:
8080/somepath.php / </ port> </ name> </ type> </
protocol>

<protocol> <contenttype> strony=""> <username> domeny=""> <port>

Protocol - Specifies the type of data transfer: http - plain text,
https - the message text over an encrypted connection, FTP - file
transfer protocol, mailto - e-mail address.

Page type - specifies for which browser page is adapted.
According initially accepted standards all URLs beginning with the
letters WWW, allowing to identify the site as a resource available on
the Web with the help of a regular browser (for mobile phones was
subsequently adopted abbreviation wap - Wireless Application Protocol).
Now this principle is used much less frequently, and if, before the
page name is not shown the type, it is assumed that this is the site for
a regular browser. If the site is suitable for viewing on a mobile device, or have it both ways - wap and web extensions are shown.

Domain name - a unique resource address symbols expressed in the network.

Port - port number to access. Any web application has its own data exchange protocols, which are connected to specific ports. Http protocol works with TCP ports 80 or 8080. If the server to which the request is sent, there are just web pages, the default port does not show up. If the server has access can be obtained, for example, ftp, it should still show the port number.

URL Path - indicates the exact position of the home page. Recording Form URL in the URL initially could only use the basic Latin alphabet, numbers and some punctuation marks. Now, with transcoding capabilities, the URL may consist of symbols of many different alphabets, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, etc.

Internet services needed to simplify working with URL
Among the disadvantages include URL lack of clarity, length, and lack
of flexibility, the parties may change or disappear, and the URL will
continue to lead to a non-existent page. Therefore, the resulting Web services, providing the opportunity to simplify the URL:

PURL (called Persistent Uniform Resource Locator - permanent tenant URL). PURL provides specific databases to protect URL. When the output link is changed, this information reaches the database and the necessary changes are introduced. In this way, the external service address remain unchanged.
This is the preferred method for pages with dynamic content that can
often change and change their position: search systems to index page
with the URL PURL and even if you change the output path, file or page
can be found on the server, and the page will not lose position search
results.

Short URL - generic name for Web services, which can significantly
shorten the length of the URL, which is possible by creating aliases
(synonyms) for the final URL of a short domain name.

Friendly URL (friendly URL) - URL is easy and convenient for the user's
address, which greatly facilitates the use of it, not only by the
Internet, but also by the search engine robots.
Getting friendly URLów is possible thanks to so-called process of
rewriting pages (called rewriting), which is usually configured in.
Htaccess file. Many CMS that offer this service, such as Joomla! for each site is assigned a number corresponding to the number in the database.

Usability

Site Usability (called usability
- usability, ease of use, ergonomics) - property maintenance, that
dictates the ease with which a user can navigate between the parties and
to work in his intefejsie.

For usability of a number of factors, such as:

• Nauczalność (learnbility).
  He talks about how fast the user who first sees the interface service
  will possess the skills necessary to perform simple tasks and functions.


• 
  Efficiency of use (efficiency) - determined on the basis of convenience
  and the speed with which the visitor will move in and do the job.


• Zapamiętywalność (memorability). Specifies the ability to quickly memorize the principles of the interface and its navigation. If the next entry you must re-learn the rules of navigating the site, it may mean that it is difficult to remember.


• 
  The number and severity level of error is a factor determining how
  often people make mistakes when moving around the site, how they are
  important and what are the possibilities of repair.


• The subjective feeling, the personal service evaluation by the user.

The importance of usability


Research professionals, such as your User Interface Engineering Inc.,
shows that the search users in 60% of cases they can not find you're
looking for. This leads to lower productivity, loss of valuable time and a decrease in the number of visits the site.
However, according to data provided by Forrester Research, "thanks to
poor usability stores are losing 50% of the buyers, 40% of which will
never come back." Studies on the behavior of users on the Internet show
that visitors receive bad services not loading in a complex structure. Internet users do not want to wait for the complete page load, and spend time to understand the rules of navigating the site. In today's Internet, there are no such concepts as manual repair or exchange service page.
You want to understand the functionality of the service in the first
sekunadach explore page, or instantly know how to navigate through the
site, and immediately save the structure and functions of the service it
offers. If this does not happen, the internet just moves to a different, more rewarding him direction.
A manifestation of concern for the usability is to design a site that
is dedicated to the user, which in turn affects such important
indicators as the frequency of visits and conversions.



Design and Usability Testing

The process of creating a functional and usable website can be divided into two stages: development and testing.

• 
  Designing Usability (Usability Engineering) is part of a methodological
  approach to creating a functional and user-friendly web interface
  interentową. The result of the work at this stage should be properly functioning, efficient and easy-to-use service. Designing usability consists of several stages, of which the most important are:
  
  
  • collect data and requirements for the proposed service;
  
  
  • development and testing of a prototype;
  
  
  • evaluation of design alternatives, and navigation service;
  
  
  • analysis of the problems that you may encounter;
  
  
  • provide solutions and testing them.
  
  
  
  


• Usability Testing (Usability Testing). This is the final phase of the development site usability. The standard test is performed by the user - Scan a certain amount of tasks using the prototypes. During these tests recorded everything he does and says tester. A typical test is performed by at least two users working together. As a result, testing should be collected:
  
  
  • information about the order of steps performed (action) necessary to achieve this objective;
  
  
  • Information about the mistakes made by the user;
  
  
  • because of the difficulties that you encountered;
  
  
  • data rate performance for the tasks;
  
  
  • subjective evaluation of the user's activities on the site.
  
  
  
  

The purpose of testing is to detect potential problems which may be encountered users and to find methods for their solution.

The steps for creating a functional and convenient to use website

• The preliminary stage - at the initial stage, you specify:
  
  
  • goal that guided the creation of service;
  
  
  • target group of Internet users;
  
  
  • characteristics, determining the members of the target group and the objectives for which they visit service.
    These goals are generally the same for most sites, but depending on the
    subject, which moves a particular service specialists who design
    usability can get a additional targets.
    In the process of goal setting should be remembered that the service
    should be as simple, easily digestible and efficient to use, easy
    zapamiętywalnym and satisfactory from the point of view of the
    subjective assessment of the visitor.
  
  
  
  


• A collection of data and requirements
  (for existing sites) - This step is the collection of information from
  users about their requirements for service and assessment of how the
  current website project that corresponds to the requirements. Data can be collected from users by:
  
  
  • form and return form;
  
  
  • analysis of server logs;
  
  
  • Usability testing of an existing service.
  
  
  
  


• Development of a prototype. Well known that the study of impacts is much easier for a real object, and therefore are created prototypes of websites. With their creation uses a minimum amount of content and does not load graphics.
  At this stage, the most important is to analyze the opinions and
  comments of testing users and to determine how the prototype of the
  website is able to perform set tasks.


• Create content and its optimization. One of the main criteria of good usability is the attractiveness of the content to the user. Out of all the information gathered on the site is placed ones are really needed, interesting and understandable for the user.
  Most Internet users during the first few seconds of viewing, scanning
  visual information arranged on the site and read only the ones that
  caught their attention. The text on the page is split into headings, titles and subtitles. In order to facilitate reading and sorting information applies paragraphs, lists, tables.


• Organization-page navigation.
  Main criteria determining the quality-designed navigation is based on
  simplicity and ease with which users can navigate through the pages of
  your website. Therefore, the navigation should be the same on all sites, intuitive, understandable and easy to remember.
  Testing usability testing is an interactive process of detecting the
  factors that help the user, and those that hinder him, carried out in
  order to exclude the latter.
  Testing is typically performed several times, until the development of
  the final variant, corresponding to the requirements of usability.

Webmaster

Webmaster (publisher) - a specialist, who create websites and web applications. A good editor has the ability to typeset, programming, administer the site, design, design, content creation and positioning. The term webmaster appeared in 1992 in the text of father-Fi, Tim Berersa-Lee "Style Guide for Online Hypertext".



Scope of work

Profession webmaster as such does not exist, is not officially marked and is not taught in universities as a separate course.
Usually, webmasters have considerable technical expertise in
programming and administration, in addition to gaining skills in
webdesign and positioning. Webmasters can work for companies, for example, in studies of webdesign or remotely, such as freelancers.

Expectations for qualified webmasters are generally high and the specialist should have a wide range of skills, such as:

• 
  the ability to use at least one programming language (eg PHP), ability
  to work with someone else's code and the knowledge base of other
  languages ​​(Perl, Python, Ruby, etc.);


• basic knowledge of HTML and cascading style sheets CSS;


• understanding of network operation HTTP and CGI standards;


• ability to work with graphics programs;


• 
  conceptual thinking - the ability to think about the logic and the
  development of interaction between the modules and scripts, as well as
  knowledge of CMS systems.


• knowledge base of knowledge in the field of internet marketing and use them in the creation of the usability;


• knowledge of optimization and positioning.

As you can see, a list of competencies publisher is very long and it is by no means the complete list. Of course, having a high level of competence in all of these areas is not possible.
Because of that, large companies employ a few specialists, responsible
for specific areas: the composition of text, design, programming,
project management, etc. In any case, the webmaster should have at least
a basic knowledge of the entire process of working with the website,
since the website is essentially homogeneous body, the smooth operation
could only be guaranteed by the publisher. Similarly, a freelance webmaster can not be responsible for all phases of creating a page.
For small sites it is possible, but the big serious project may require
the participation of many people with different competences. In such cases, the role of the publisher is to coordinate and control the work at every stage.



Education


Admission to work on the position of webmaster usually does not decide
diploma and technical courses, or the police work, but the portfolio -
the number of completed projects, their scale, and that for whom they
were made. Publishers can also apply for a certificate, issued for example by Microsoft (MCSD, MCSE + Internet and MCDBA).

Search Results

Search results (SERP - Search Engine Resultant called Page) - This is the page where the search results are displayed for a specific user query. There you will find links to websites with content that match your query, along with a brief description of the page (snippet). Links are arranged in the form of a ranking list created on the basis of compliance with a given query.
After entering the search query the user looks at it from different
properties (linguistic, morphological, geographical, etc.) and according
to the results of search algorithms build, display the page in the form
of a list of pages in order of their compliance with the request - the
first most relevant to the query.
Search results in response to the same query may differ in various
search engines, which is caused by not using different search
algorithms. Each system has its own unique way to select the most appropriate response based on certain factors.



The search results page consists of the following components:

• List URLs matching the user's query. It is a basic element of performance, called the organic search results. For this item also apply images, videos, maps, news, and audio files that are included in the search results.


• 
  Paid advertisements (called sponsored links), which are presented in
  the form of standard results before the organic results or as short text
  ads placed on the side of the list.


• Links to more places in the ranking of the results. Results Page 10 contains most of the organic search results. The main items in the search results are called TOPEM. The first page of results is TOP10, the second - TOP20, etc.


• 
  Under the search box, some search engines are displayed short blocks of
  information generated at the time of writing queries and give a quick
  answer to the question. In different systems, these blocks have names: Google - OneBox Yahoo - Shortcut.
  This may be a suggestion to correct an error in the query block to the
  weather forecast, the definition of the term, calculator, etc..

What affect search results

Search results are not permanent and changing phenomenon depending on the dynamic changes occurring in the network.

• 
  Changes in Web documents: the appearance or removal from the search
  engine's index, and as a result of transformation - change document
  compliance with the request.


• Updates (update) search engines.


• Changes to the search algorithm.


• Geographical person. Search results may be regional, as between the parties compete with one region. Region query is determined automatically based on the IP address.
  Within the search results, without regional parameter (geotargeting),
  the position will be different than in the regional results.


• Populating the unique content. Pages created for the user-friendly and they are favored by search systems.

Web Search

Internet search engine (Search Engine) - a program with an interface for users to search for and display information according to the user's query.



The types of search engines:

• Global - designed to search for information on the Internet;


• Local - searches the local network or specific services.

There are the following global search systems:

• Universal - search engines give your users the ability to search the content of any type: text, graphics, audio, video. Simply searching in network resources. The world leader in the midst of universal search engine is Google. Besides him, there are quite familiar Yahoo!, Bing, Yandex, Baidu. In Poland, the Google search engine handles about 98% of the requests. In addition to self-service Google.pl, the company serves customers such sites as Onet.pl, Interia.pl or Gazeta.pl;


• specialized - their job is to find information that meets these requirements. These systems find files on FTP servers, goods in online stores information in Usenet (newsgroups worldwide system);


• 
  ideas - a search engine such seek only the information on the Internet
  that may be of interest, certain social groups (religious, professional,
  etc.).

The structure search


The term "search engine" is usually understood as a global, universal
search and will continue to question just about these systems. Schematic structure of most search engines is similar and there is no significant difference between them.



Interface

Seen by some search engine is a web site designed to interface to query the search engine. There also displays search results for a given query.

Software designed for indexing and retrieving information

• search algorithm;


• Database page addresses and information about Internet and intranet resources.

Search algorithm is an active part of the search engine, and his duties include:

• indexing of websites and their content;


• rank your websites and web pages;


• the formation of the search results.

The database (index) used for storing addresses of known search engine
sites and their pages, as well as the content, links or other
information contained on them.
The index is divided into chapters, and placed on multiple servers
distributed around the world (in the case of major search engines)
connected to the network.



Principles of how search engines work

Indexation

Search algorithm operates continuously, 24 hours a day scanning the
global network for new resources going after it finds, and links and
adding (indexing), the new addresses and information to the database
(index). Pages indexation should meet certain requirements concerning:

• uniqueness and quality (accuracy, the value of information and structure) content;


• the quantity and quality of links that the page;


• user activity on the site;


• lack of malware


• 
  Content compliance with certain requirements (for example, prohibiting
  the publication of materials breaking the law, incitement to terrorism);


• compliance with certain rules engine optimization.

Create a page ranking and displaying search results


In response to a user query, job searching an index search system scan,
find and offer you addresses of the parties, which is listed in your
search term, or a combination of the words as the key phrase. If you do not meet the key phrase query, the search engine chooses the side closest to the content.
As is usually the amount in accordance with the query page addresses is
very large, before the search is the task of laying the respective
ranking of those websites.
In other words, due to the fact that search algorithms must provide the
user with the opportunity to get acquainted with the most corresponding
query responses (which in practice is generally not possible because of
the very large quantities), the creator of the search engines took the
decision to display the results in the form of a structured ranked as
the Address Book, the leaders of which are sites with the best
performance, and further in the list are arranged side by deteriorating
indicators. Search results pages is a list of addresses. Furthermore, there is displayed a short text information content, the so-called snippets.



Penalties imposed by the search engines

If you find the job searching sites use to position the unlicensed technology, penalties may be imposed:

• lower position in the ranking;


• remove pages from the index, the so-called ban.

The technique permitted and may lead to the application by the search
engine penalties against parties are not limited to: Black SEO,
publishing unauthorized material, malware distribution, etc.



Priorities in the development of search engines

Search

The steadily growing number of pages wyszukującymi systems poses the
task of developing more and more new ways of organizing data and search
algorithms.
One solution developers search engines see the grouping of documents -
automatically creating multiple groups of semantically similar
documents.
At the same time, the criteria for selecting the groups are not known
in advance, but are determined automatically based on the similarities
observed to date.

Displaying the results

All search engines are geared up to present the widest base of answers to user questions.
Therefore, the search algorithms are improved in such a way that the
results formed the most appropriate query pages, the content of which is
the most interesting, well organized, unique and carrying a lot of
information.

Accurate and comprehensive results


Indices major search engines contain billions of addresses, and the
volume of information that can be found on their sites is hundreds of
thousands of gigabytes. In addition, the major search engines also offer the ability to search images, audio and video files.

Price performance

In addition to basic search algorithms, such as Panda on Google, the search engines also use more sophisticated algorithms. An example is the algorithm Fresh whereby Google constantly scans messages and can crawl them after a few minutes of the event.

Speed


The time needed to develop a search engine query and formulation of the
results is one of the most important parameters that determine how a
search engine, which their creators always try to minimize. At present, the rate of development of a single query in the leading search engines is approximately 1/4 second.

Index search

Search index
is a database search engine, in which a structured fine saves and
stores information about Web documents collected by search engine
crawlers. The process of adding documents to the database search system, organizing and storing them is called indexing. Each search engine indexing performed by their algorithms.

What is included in the index

The content of the index is structured data consisting of key phrases,
text and multimedia elements, links, so that shortened the time it takes
to search the database and find the documents in accordance with the
request. This database is constantly updated using crawlers that continuously scan the web for new pages, content and resources.

Adding a site to the search engines
In the process of positioning the indexing plays an important role. The faster service is indexed by a bot indexing, the sooner you can expect that it will appear in search results. To speed up the indexing, you must notify the search engine of the existence of a new page in the network. For this purpose, all search engines exist function (adurl), where by filling out a special form pages are added to the index. The positive impact can also create a profile page on social networking and dissemination of information in their website.
Management is indexed pages using robots.txt.

HTML

(HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language) - hypertext markup language on the Internet. With the ability to interpret HTML browsers can define the appearance of the document to be displayed in them. This language is widely used in the world and most commonly used to create web pages.


Documents written using HTML are processed by web browsers that
understand the language of signs and transform them into easy to listen
format. Typically, these files have the extension htm. or html. For editing HTML documents, you can use any text editor such as Notepad. There are also designed specifically for this purpose programs, such as Adobe Dreamweaver.

History of HTML

HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the 90's of last century. It was originally only used as a tool to create and share documents by users.
The invention was revolutionary: the user, using the reference, your
computer could see the documents that were found in any other location
in the world. The main task of the first version of HTML was correct text playback on different devices without any structural distortion.
Since then, HTML has been repeatedly modified and significantly expanded the ability to view documents. This language has several versions:

The first versions of HTML in the early 90's do not have a detailed
specification, because at that time there was no single official
language standard.
The purpose of the first version of HTML was the only word processing
and the use of the most popular styles of formatting such as bold test,
italic, etc.
HTML 2.0 - Added ability to handle forms.

HTML 3.2 - the ability to create tables, display mathematical formulas,
graphs, text wrap effect and the passage of the elements.
HTML 4.0 - Some HTML elements have been removed and in its place proposed to use CSS tables. Added support for scripting and frames.
HTML 4.01 - Modified version 4.0.
HTML 5 - year 2010 - until today. The fifth version is currently under development, work on it should be completed in 2014.

Format HTML document

All HTML documents are created using tags - special tags, most often occurring in tandem - the opening and closing tag. Among them is the attribute and content or only content.
Top element (opening tag) is defined as an attribute should be
formulated within, and finally - where the formatting should be
terminated.

Sample text bold by tag: b
<b> bold text </ b>
already be formatted as follows:
bold text

Standard HTML document contains a mandatory set of tags and has the form:

<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "- / / W3C / / DTD HTML 4.01 / / EN"
" http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd ">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Document Title </ TITLE>
</ HEAD>
<BODY>
The text of the document
</ BODY>
</ HTML>

where:
XHTML 1.0 Transitional / / EN "- reveals the nature of the document.
<html> - Beginning of the document;
<head> - use the page header, it posted the information for browsers and search engine spiders;
<title> </ title> - the title of the document is indexed by the search engines;
</ Head> - the end of the page header;
<body> </ body> - the beginning and end of the document, which shall be indicated specific content of the page;
</ Html> - end of html document.

Google

Google - the most popular Internet search engine, owned by Google Inc., an American corporation.

Google's name is derived from the misspelled (specifically or
accidentally) by one of the makers of the English word googol, which
means ten to the hundredth power. From the name Google has developed a verb to google - guglować, guglić, guglać (all forms are correct), meaning the search for something on the Web using the Google search engine.
Since Google is the most popular search engine in the world, a priority
in the process of positioning is to gain the trust of Google
Positioning page.

The history of the

Google Search was created in March 1996 by Stanford University
students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, in the work of the Digital Library
Project.
September 15, 1997, he officially domain google.com was registered, and
the following year was created corporation Google, Inc.. At the end of 1998 Google's crawler about 60 million crawled web pages. Google is constantly developing and improving. Search algorithms are updated on average 300 times a year, and the amount of features and services are rising.

Indexing pages
In the process of indexing (scan pages in order to introduce them to the database) Google uses special crawlers:

• Googlebot - the main robot that scans the content of the page in order to create a search engine's index. - Googlebot-Image - scans the page content to index images.


• Mediapartners-Google - scans the content of your pages for the presence of AdSense ads.


• AdsBot-Google - checks for quality content pages that AdWords ads are placed.


• Googlebot-Mobile - indexed web portals for mobile devices.


• Google Search Appliance - is responsible for the indexation of the Google Search Appliance devices.

There are two primary theories of indexing:

1. "Sandbox effect".
   The essence of this phenomenon is that Google places specific pages
   (those that have new domain names, the young sites) in the so-called
   sandbox (waiting area), where the parties are located until the system
   deems them ready to appear in the search results.


2. The opposite theory, which says that the new party is assigned a high PageRank and high positions in search results. Typically, this privilege working soon - until the real parameters of the test.

In order to avoid placing the works in the Google sandbox, avoid too
rapid acquisition of external links for the "new service" and gradually
acquiring links from trusted sites, so that the process looks natural to
the search engines.

Create a page ranking

One of the most important factors that influence the order of the pages
in the Google search results (as determined on the basis of their
credibility, presumably, stability, etc.) is the PageRank indicator or
simply LP (named after the creator, Larry Page `s - co-founder of
Google) - the number of specifying the value of the by Google. The PR entire site adopted to recognize LP's main page. PR value can be between 1 and 10 High PR is one of the guarantors of the emergence of the highly in search results. The term PR side affects mainly the quantity and quality of links leading to it. Google did not disclose the exact algorithm for calculating PageRank, and hides data on the frequency of updates. As of today, is one of a number of parameters (it is believed that there are over 200), affecting the position of the hand.
Important is the degree of relevance of the page, the inner contents
and code optimization, quality and quantity of links, and other factors.
Google provides its users the ability to use a variety of services. Among other things, these are:

• Google Search (search) - the main Google.
  The search is based on the content of the pages also scans files in
  PDF, RTF, Flash SWF, PostScript, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel,
  Microsoft Power Point and others. There is also a voice search function.


• Gmail - mailbox.


• Blogger - service providing the possibility of running a blog.


• AdSense and AdWords - programs adequately develop and deploy contextual advertising on Google and its network.


• Google Maps - service with a geographical map of the world.


• Google Music - gives you the ability to create audioteki on Google's servers.


• Google Books - Search books (over 10 million. Titles of the largest libraries in the U.S. and elsewhere).


• Google Checkout - electronic payment system.


• Google Finance - find financial information for major international corporations.


• Google Translate - online encyclopedia.


• Google Scholar - search of scientific publications in a variety of formats, with a wide spectrum of disciplines.


• Google Video - Search and services of hosted video files.


• Google News - news service.

FTP

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - one of the protocols used to exchange data over a network. It is used for loading files, web documents with personal computers (Client), the servers that provide web hosting.